{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T23:16:31Z","timestamp":1771456591936,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forensic institutions throughout the world house patients with severe psychiatric illness and history of criminal violations. Improved medical care, hygiene, psychiatric treatment, and nutrition led to an unmatched longevity in this population, which previously lived, on average, 15 to 20 years shorter than the public at large. On the other hand, longevity has contributed to increased prevalence of age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, which complicate clinical management, increasing healthcare expenditures. Forensic institutions, originally intended for the treatment of younger individuals, are ill-equipped for the growing number of older offenders. Moreover, as antipsychotic drugs became available in 1950s and 1960s, we are observing the first generation of forensic detainees who have aged on dopamine-blocking agents. Although the consequences of long-term treatment with these agents are unclear, schizophrenia-associated gray matter loss may contribute to the development of early dementia. Taken together, increased lifespan and the subsequent cognitive deficit observed in long-term forensic institutions raise questions and dilemmas unencountered by the previous generations of clinicians. These include: does the presence of neurocognitive dysfunction justify antipsychotic dose reduction or discontinuation despite a lifelong history of schizophrenia and violent behavior? Should neurolipidomic interventions become the standard of care in elderly individuals with lifelong schizophrenia and dementia? Can patients with schizophrenia and dementia meet the Dusky standard to stand trial? Should neurocognitive disorders in the elderly with lifelong schizophrenia be treated differently than age-related neurodegeneration? In this article, we hypothesize that gray matter loss is the core symptom of schizophrenia which leads to dementia. We hypothesize further that strategies to delay or stop gray matter depletion would not only improve the schizophrenia sustained recovery, but also avert the development of major neurocognitive disorders in people living with schizophrenia. Based on this hypothesis, we suggest utilization of both receptor-dependent and independent therapeutics for chronic psychosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T11:16:27Z","timestamp":1698750987000},"page":"15797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Receptor-Independent Therapies for Forensic Detainees with Schizophrenia\u2013Dementia Comorbidity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2406-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adonis","family":"Sfera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paton State Hospital, 3102 Highland Ave, Patton, CA 92369, USA"},{"name":"School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, 11139 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luminita","family":"Andronescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paton State Hospital, 3102 Highland Ave, Patton, CA 92369, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Britt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiera","family":"Himsl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paton State Hospital, 3102 Highland Ave, Patton, CA 92369, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of State Hospitals, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1585 E 13th Ave, Eugene, OR 97403, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3836-7209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zisis","family":"Kozlakidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69366 Lyon Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900023853","article-title":"The neurobiology of moral behavior: Review and neuropsychiatric implications","volume":"14","author":"Mendez","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1080\/1357650X.2018.1432631","article-title":"Born criminal? 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