{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T19:13:41Z","timestamp":1778958821736,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Formula Swiss AG, Swiss","award":["0005122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0005122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabinoid receptors are expressed in human and animal trigeminal sensory neurons; however, the expression in the equine trigeminal ganglion is unknown. Ten trigeminal ganglia from five horses were collected post-mortem from an abattoir. The expression of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1R) and type 2 (CB2R), and the cannabinoid-related receptors like transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR\u0263), and G protein-related receptor 55 (GPR55) in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of the horse were studied, using immunofluorescence on cryosections and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections. Neurons and glial cells were identified using fluorescent Nissl staining NeuroTrace\u00ae and an antibody directed against the glial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), respectively. Macrophages were identified by means of an antibody directed against the macrophages\/microglia marker ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1). The protein expression of CB1R, CB2R, TRPV1, and PPAR\u0263 was found in the majority of TG neurons in both cryosections and FFPE sections. The expression of GPR55 immunoreactivity was mainly detectable in FFPE sections, with expression in the majority of sensory neurons. Some receptors were also observed in glial cells (CB2R, TRPV1, PPAR\u03b3, and GPR55) and inflammatory cells (PPAR\u03b3 and GPR55). These results support further investigation of such receptors in disorders of equine trigeminal neuronal excitability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T10:51:28Z","timestamp":1699008688000},"page":"15949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Expression of Cannabinoid Receptors in the Trigeminal Ganglion of the Horse"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8548-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Zamith Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 37200 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Semprini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 37200 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4322-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Salamanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 37200 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4082-4675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Gobbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 37200 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5803-4487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Morini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 37200 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirstie J.","family":"Pickles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Vet School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4448-6199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Chiocchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 37200 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12708","article-title":"Prevalence of Headshaking within the Equine Population in the UK","volume":"50","author":"Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00072","article-title":"Trigeminal Nerve Root Demyelination Not Seen in Six Horses Diagnosed with Trigeminal-Mediated Headshaking","volume":"4","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12237","article-title":"Sensory Evoked Potentials of the Trigeminal Nerve for the Diagnosis of Idiopathic Headshaking in a Horse","volume":"28","author":"Aleman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CNC49","DOI":"10.2217\/cnc-2017-0010","article-title":"Understanding the Endocannabinoid System as a Modulator of the Trigeminal Pain Response to Concussion","volume":"2","author":"Elliott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Concussion"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45541-9_4","article-title":"Molecular Targets of the Phytocannabinoids: A Complex Picture","volume":"Volume 103","author":"Kinghorn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytocannabinoids"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00002.2016","article-title":"From Phytocannabinoids to Cannabinoid Receptors and Endocannabinoids: Pleiotropic Physiological and Pathological Roles Through Complex Pharmacology","volume":"96","author":"Ligresti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2174\/1568007043336833","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids in Trigeminal Neuralgia","volume":"3","author":"Liang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0658-8","article-title":"Medical Cannabis for Neuropathic Pain","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pain. Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13168","article-title":"Treatment Using Cannabidiol in a Horse with Mechanical Allodynia","volume":"33","author":"Ellis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2019.102880","article-title":"Cannabinoids CB2 Receptors, One New Promising Drug Target for Chronic and Degenerative Pain Conditions in Equine Veterinary Patients","volume":"85","author":"Ibancovichi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cital, S., Kramer, K., Hughston, L., and Gaynor, J.S. (2021). Cannabis Therapy in Veterinary Medicine: A Complete Guide, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68317-7"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045030","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1045030","article-title":"Expression of Cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) and Cannabinoid-Related Receptors (TRPV1, GPR55, and PPAR\u03b1) in the Synovial Membrane of the Horse Metacarpophalangeal Joint","volume":"10","author":"Zannoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13305","article-title":"Localisation of Cannabinoid and Cannabinoid-Related Receptors in the Equine Dorsal Root Ganglia","volume":"53","author":"Chiocchetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103688","article-title":"Localisation of Cannabinoid and Cannabinoid-Related Receptors in the Horse Ileum","volume":"104","author":"Galiazzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tajti, J., Szok, D., Cs\u00e1ti, A., Szab\u00f3, \u00c1., Tanaka, M., and V\u00e9csei, L. (2023). Exploring Novel Therapeutic Targets in the Common Pathogenic Factors in Migraine and Neuropathic Pain. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202301.0034.v1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14267","article-title":"The Endocannabinoid System and Related Lipids as Potential Targets for the Treatment of Migraine-related Pain","volume":"62","author":"Greco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R43","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2401","article-title":"Characterisation of the Cannabinoid Receptor System in Synovial Tissue and Fluid in Patients with Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Richardson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2018.03.012","article-title":"Cannabis and Joints: Scientific Evidence for the Alleviation of Osteoarthritis Pain by Cannabinoids","volume":"40","author":"McDougall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, H., Toyang, N., Steele, B., Bryant, J., and Ngwa, W. (2021). The Endocannabinoid System: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Various Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179472"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04514-2","article-title":"Current Application of Cannabidiol (CBD) in the Management and Treatment of Neurological Disorders","volume":"41","author":"Fiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dentre.2023.100063","article-title":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Medications for the Treatment of Chronic Orofacial Pain: A Scoping Review","volume":"3","author":"Longworth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00333-6","article-title":"The Neuronal Distribution of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 in the Trigeminal Ganglion of the Rat","volume":"120","author":"Price","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01399-8","article-title":"Dual Action of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Ligand Arachidonyl-2\u2032-Chloroethylamide on Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Release","volume":"23","author":"Christiansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12191","article-title":"Sensory Nerve Conduction and Somatosensory Evoked Potentials of the Trigeminal Nerve in Horses with Idiopathic Headshaking","volume":"27","author":"Aleman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.03.029","article-title":"The Endocannabinoid System and Migraine","volume":"224","author":"Greco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.12.042","article-title":"Characterization of Spinal Ganglion Neurons in Horse (Equus caballus). A Morphometric, Neurochemical and Tracing Study","volume":"176","author":"Russo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00389-4","article-title":"Cannabinoid 1 Receptors Are Expressed in Nociceptive Primary Sensory Neurons","volume":"100","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00200-8","article-title":"Localisation of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Using in Situ Hybridisation and Immunohistochemistry","volume":"119","author":"Bridges","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1916","article-title":"Cannabinoids Mediate Analgesia Largely via Peripheral Type 1 Cannabinoid Receptors in Nociceptors","volume":"10","author":"Agarwal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neuro Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"313","article-title":"Cellular Distribution of Canonical and Putative Cannabinoid Receptors in Canine Cervical Dorsal Root Ganglia. Front","volume":"6","author":"Chiocchetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00449-9","article-title":"Cannabinoids Attenuate Depolarization-Dependent Ca2+ Influx in Intermediate-Size Primary Afferent Neurons of Adult Rats","volume":"115","author":"Khasabova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1160","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Calcium Signaling in Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells","volume":"12","author":"Lalonde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.131607","article-title":"Regulatory Effects of Anandamide on Intracellular Ca2+ Concentration Increase in Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705711","article-title":"Modulation of Trigeminal Sensory Neuron Activity by the Dual Cannabinoid-Vanilloid Agonists Anandamide, N -Arachidonoyl-Dopamine and Arachidonyl-2-Chloroethylamide: Cannabinoid-Vanilloid Modulation of Trigeminal Neuron Activity","volume":"141","author":"Price","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.106971","article-title":"Cannabinoid (CB1) Receptor Activation Inhibits Trigeminovascular Neurons","volume":"320","author":"Akerman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00729.x","article-title":"CB2: A Cannabinoid Receptor with an Identity Crisis","volume":"160","author":"Atwood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.06.007","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptor CB2 Localisation and Agonist-Mediated Inhibition of Capsaicin Responses in Human Sensory Neurons","volume":"138","author":"Anand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.03.038","article-title":"Self-Medication of a Cannabinoid CB2 Agonist in an Animal Model of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"152","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0915-966","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptor with an \u201cidentity Crisis\u201d Gets a Second Look","volume":"21","author":"Rogers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155413491269","article-title":"Bilateral Changes of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Protein and mRNA in the Dorsal Root Ganglia of a Rat Neuropathic Pain Model","volume":"61","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80564-4","article-title":"The Cloned Capsaicin Receptor Integrates Multiple Pain-Producing Stimuli","volume":"21","author":"Tominaga","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23177","article-title":"Neurochemical Features of Boar Lumbosacral Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons and Characterization of Sensory Neurons Innervating the Urinary Bladder Trigone","volume":"521","author":"Russo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.02.082","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Co-Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase II with Kv1.4 and TRPV1 in Rat Small-Diameter Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons","volume":"1044","author":"Tanimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)03253-4","article-title":"VR1-Immunoreactive Primary Sensory Neurons in the Rat Trigeminal Ganglion","volume":"890","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1141","article-title":"ThermoTRP Channels and beyond: Mechanisms of Temperature Sensation","volume":"4","author":"Patapoutian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1021\/jm051058x","article-title":"Identification and Biological Characterization of 6-Aryl-7-Isopropylquinazolinones as Novel TRPV1 Antagonists That Are Effective in Models of Chronic Pain","volume":"49","author":"Culshaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"48","article-title":"Transient Receptor Potential Ion Channels as Targets for the Discovery of Pain Therapeutics","volume":"6","author":"Krause","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-016-0285-0","article-title":"Niflumic Acid, a TRPV1 Channel Modulator, Ameliorates Stavudine-Induced Neuropathic Pain","volume":"24","author":"Marwaha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacol"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-5-59","article-title":"Dynamic Regulation of the Endocannabinoid System: Implications for Analgesia","volume":"5","author":"Sagar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Pain."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0374-6","article-title":"The Endocannabinoid System and Its Modulation by Phytocannabinoids","volume":"12","author":"Piscitelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mlost, J., Bryk, M., and Starowicz, K. (2020). Cannabidiol for Pain Treatment: Focus on Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228870"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80209-9","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 Is Required for Placental, Cardiac, and Adipose Tissue Development","volume":"4","author":"Barak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.77.061307.091829","article-title":"Fat and Beyond: The Diverse Biology of PPAR\u03b3","volume":"77","author":"Tontonoz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.12.061","article-title":"Peroxisome-Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma (PPAR\u03b3) Activation Protects Neurons from NMDA Excitotoxicity","volume":"1073\u20131074","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e768594","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/768594","article-title":"Role of PPAR\u03b3 in the Differentiation and Function of Neurons","volume":"2014","author":"Quintanilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(09)85013-7","article-title":"Chapter 13 PPAR and Pain","volume":"Volume 85","author":"Maeda","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000509","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 agonists attenuate trigeminal neuropathic pain","volume":"33","author":"Lyons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.02.002","article-title":"Intrathecal Rosiglitazone Acts at Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma to Rapidly Inhibit Neuropathic Pain in Rats","volume":"9","author":"Churi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pain."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01259","article-title":"Cannabinoids and Pain: New Insights From Old Molecules","volume":"9","author":"Srebro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E755","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.20.5.E755","article-title":"Efficacy of Cannabis-Based Medicines for Pain Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"20","author":"Aviram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6199","article-title":"Medical Marijuana for Treatment of Chronic Pain and Other Medical and Psychiatric Problems: A Clinical Review","volume":"313","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117065","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1117065","article-title":"Single-Cell Transcriptomic Profile of Satellite Glial Cells in Trigeminal Ganglion","volume":"16","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31821b220c","article-title":"The Macrophage-Mediated Effects of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Agonist Rosiglitazone Attenuate Tactile Allodynia in the Early Phase of Neuropathic Pain Development","volume":"113","author":"Takahashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.04.039","article-title":"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Agonist Rosiglitazone Attenuates Inflammatory Pain through the Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Macrophages","volume":"154","author":"Kurimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707460","article-title":"The Orphan Receptor GPR55 Is a Novel Cannabinoid Receptor","volume":"152","author":"Ryberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.02.009","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptors: Nomenclature and Pharmacological Principles","volume":"38","author":"Marcu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915896","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.915896","article-title":"Distribution of Cannabinoid Receptors in Keratinocytes of Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Chiocchetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.03.008","article-title":"GPR55 Contributes to Neutrophil Recruitment and Mechanical Pain Induction after Spinal Cord Compression in Mice","volume":"110","author":"Ono","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01062-2","article-title":"Inflammatory and Neuropathic Nociception Is Preserved in GPR55 Knockout Mice","volume":"7","author":"Carey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2023.109445","article-title":"Central Role of Purinergic Receptors with Inflammation in Neuropathic Pain-Related Macrophage-SGC-Neuron Triad","volume":"228","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-04-00972.1991","article-title":"Inflammation near the Nerve Cell Body Enhances Axonal Regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.10.016","article-title":"Activation of Satellite Glial Cells in Lumbar Dorsal Root Ganglia Contributes to Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Nerve Ligation","volume":"1427","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-006-9006-3","article-title":"Intra- and Extraneuronal Changes of Immunofluorescence Staining for TNF- and TNFR1 in the Dorsal Root Ganglia of Rat Peripheral Neuropathic Pain Models","volume":"26","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.10.007","article-title":"Enhanced Excitability of Nociceptive Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons by Satellite Glial Cytokine Following Peripheral Inflammation","volume":"129","author":"Takeda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740925X10000074","article-title":"Satellite Glial Cells Express IL-6 and Corresponding Signal-Transducing Receptors in the Dorsal Root Ganglia of Rat Neuropathic Pain Model","volume":"6","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron Glia Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.09.001","article-title":"Satellite Glial Cells in Sensory Ganglia: From Form to Function","volume":"48","author":"Hanani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858409336094","article-title":"Gliopathic Pain: When Satellite Glial Cells Go Bad","volume":"15","author":"Ohara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-009-9224-5","article-title":"Effect of Memantine on the Levels of Neuropeptides and Microglial Cells in the Brain Regions of Rats with Neuropathic Pain","volume":"39","author":"Takeda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2009.02.005","article-title":"Gap Junctions in Dorsal Root Ganglia: Possible Contribution to Visceral Pain","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740925X10000098","article-title":"Can Satellite Glial Cells Be Therapeutic Targets for Pain Control?","volume":"6","author":"Jasmin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron Glia Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"73","article-title":"Satellite Glial Cells in Sensory Ganglia: Its Role in Pain","volume":"65","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJAN"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Y., Salvo, E., Romero-Reyes, M., Akerman, S., Shimizu, E., Kobayashi, Y., Michot, B., and Gibbs, J. (2021). Glia and Orofacial Pain: Progress and Future Directions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105345"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16467","article-title":"The Cannabinoid Receptors System in Horses: Tissue Distribution and Cellular Identification in Skin","volume":"36","author":"Kupczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-018-1684-7","article-title":"Localization of Cannabinoid Receptors CB1, CB2, GPR55, and PPAR\u03b1 in the Canine Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"150","author":"Galiazzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/21\/15949\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:16:34Z","timestamp":1760130994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/21\/15949"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242115949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242115949","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]}}}