{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T15:56:45Z","timestamp":1775836605315,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1062671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1062671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Federation University Australia","award":["1062671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1062671"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) causes about 200,000 deaths worldwide each year. However, there are currently no effective drug therapies to prevent AAA formation or, when present, to decrease progression and rupture, highlighting an urgent need for more research in this field. Increased vascular inflammation and enhanced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are implicated in AAA formation. Here, we investigated whether hydralazine, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, inhibited AAA formation and pathological hallmarks. In cultured VSMCs, hydralazine (100 \u03bcM) inhibited the increase in inflammatory gene expression and apoptosis induced by acrolein and hydrogen peroxide, two oxidants that may play a role in AAA pathogenesis. The anti-apoptotic effect of hydralazine was associated with a decrease in caspase 8 gene expression. In a mouse model of AAA induced by subcutaneous angiotensin II infusion (1 \u00b5g\/kg body weight\/min) for 28 days in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, hydralazine treatment (24 mg\/kg\/day) significantly decreased AAA incidence from 80% to 20% and suprarenal aortic diameter by 32% from 2.26 mm to 1.53 mm. Hydralazine treatment also significantly increased the survival rate from 60% to 100%. In conclusion, hydralazine inhibited AAA formation and rupture in a mouse model, which was associated with its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T10:51:28Z","timestamp":1699008688000},"page":"15955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of Hydralazine on Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Sargisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dinh Tam","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ketura","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan J. R.","family":"Pyke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alramahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Thihlum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgan E.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart P.","family":"Berzins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Oqueli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Grampians Health Ballarat, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dianna J.","family":"Magliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes and Population Health, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5779-8848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Golledge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2013.12.010","article-title":"Global and regional burden of aortic dissection and aneurysms: Mortality trends in 21 world regions, 1990 to 2010","volume":"9","author":"Sampson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Heart"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15260","article-title":"Mouse models for abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"179","author":"Golledge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. 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