{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:37:59Z","timestamp":1792175879673,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018818","name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OTKA K143576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OTKA K143576"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018818","name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["739 593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["739 593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018818","name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5S444, A202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5S444, A202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EU\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["OTKA K143576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OTKA K143576"]}]},{"name":"EU\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["739 593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["739 593"]}]},{"name":"EU\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["5S444, A202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5S444, A202"]}]},{"name":"Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Grant from the University of Szeged, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School","award":["OTKA K143576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OTKA K143576"]}]},{"name":"Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Grant from the University of Szeged, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School","award":["739 593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["739 593"]}]},{"name":"Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Grant from the University of Szeged, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School","award":["5S444, A202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5S444, A202"]}]},{"name":"HUN-REN Hungarian Research Network","award":["OTKA K143576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OTKA K143576"]}]},{"name":"HUN-REN Hungarian Research Network","award":["739 593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["739 593"]}]},{"name":"HUN-REN Hungarian Research Network","award":["5S444, A202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5S444, A202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The skin is a tightly regulated, balanced interface that maintains our integrity through a complex barrier comprising physical or mechanical, chemical, microbiological, and immunological components. The skin\u2019s microbiota affect various properties, one of which is the establishment and maintenance of the physical barrier. This is achieved by influencing multiple processes, including keratinocyte differentiation, stratum corneum formation, and regulation of intercellular contacts. In this review, we summarize the potential contribution of Cutibacterium acnes to these events and outline the contribution of bacterially induced barrier defects to the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. With the combined effects of a Westernized lifestyle, microbial dysbiosis, epithelial barrier defects, and inflammation, the development of acne is very similar to that of several other multifactorial diseases of barrier organs (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis). Therefore, the management of acne requires a complex approach, which should be taken into account when designing novel treatments that address not only the inflammatory and microbial components but also the maintenance and strengthening of the cutaneous physical barrier.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T14:51:01Z","timestamp":1699109461000},"page":"15962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Are the Cutaneous Microbiota a Guardian of the Skin\u2019s Physical Barrier? The Intricate Relationship between Skin Microbes and Barrier Integrity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Korn\u00e9lia","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Be\u00e1ta Szilvia","family":"Bolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilla","family":"Erdei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanni","family":"Balogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2119-9501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lajos","family":"Kem\u00e9ny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"689","article-title":"The skin\u2019s barrier","volume":"144","author":"Jensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"G. 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