{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:07:11Z","timestamp":1774314431798,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder cancer is a common cancer with well-established therapeutic strategies. However, recurrence occurs in 50% of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and 20% of patients progress to muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The 5-year survival rate for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients is disappointingly low, ranging from 36% to 48%. A molecular marker of interest is chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1), which is elevated in various cancers, including bladder cancer. In addition to its role in cancer cells, CHI3L1 also has regulatory abilities in immune cells. Neutrophil infiltration has been shown to positively correlate with overall survival, progression-free survival, and relapse-free survival in bladder cancer patients. However, the relationship between CHI3L1 and neutrophils remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between CHI3L1 level and protumor neutrophil infiltration in bladder cancer. We analyzed the GSE128959 dataset and the data of a bladder cancer cohort undergoing chemotherapy. We observed higher expression of CHI3L1 in bladder cancer patients with invasive or chemotherapy-resistance. Our results revealed a positive correlation between CHI3L1 expression and protumor neutrophil infiltration. Elevated CHI3L1 expression was associated with genes which were related to the recruitment and infiltration of neutrophils. Consequently, CHI3L1 may serve as a novel evaluation factor for the degree of neutrophil infiltration in advanced bladder cancer in those scheduled for chemotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T07:35:06Z","timestamp":1699169706000},"page":"15990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Chitinase 3-like-1 Expression in the Microenvironment Is Associated with Neutrophil Infiltration in Bladder Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-7515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling-Yi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Li","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Genomic & Proteomic Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9444-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4390-1090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-Ren","family":"Hsueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan"},{"name":"Ph.D. Program for Aging, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (2023, June 01). 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