{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T03:36:55Z","timestamp":1792985815572,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gisela Thier foundation to L.M.O.d.B","award":["2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), Rituximab (RTX) is used for the treatment and prevention of EBV-associated post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease or autoimmune phenomena such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Persistent hypogammaglobulinemia and immunoglobulin substitution dependence has been observed in several patients after RTX treatment despite the normalization of total B cell numbers. We aimed to study whether this is a B cell intrinsic phenomenon. We analyzed four patients with different primary diseases who were treated with myeloablative conditioning and matched unrelated donor HSCT who developed persistent hypogammaglobulinemia after receiving RTX treatment. They all received RTX early after HSCT to treat EBV infection or AIHA post-HSCT. All patients showed normalized total B cell numbers but absent to very low IgG positive memory B cells, and three lacked IgA positive memory B cells. All of the patients had full donor chimerism, and none had encountered graft-versus-host disease. Sorted peripheral blood na\u00efve B cells from these patients, when stimulated with CD40L, IL21, IL10 and anti-IgM, demonstrated intact B cell differentiation including the formation of class-switched memory B cells and IgA and IgG production. Peripheral blood T cell numbers including CD4 follicular T-helper (Tfh) cells were all within the normal reference range. In conclusion, in these four HSCT patients, the persistent hypogammaglobulinemia observed after RTX cannot be attributed to an acquired intrinsic B cell problem nor to a reduction in Tfh cell numbers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242116012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T08:15:56Z","timestamp":1699258556000},"page":"16012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Persistent Hypogammaglobulinemia after Receiving Rituximab Post-HSCT Is Not Caused by an Intrinsic B Cell Defect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Ott de Bruin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children\u2019s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Willem-Alexander Children\u2019s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Pico-Knijnenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children\u2019s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique M.","family":"van Ostaijen-ten Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children\u2019s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Weitering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children\u2019s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9099-8625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmar","family":"Berghuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Willem-Alexander Children\u2019s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8151-1539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robbert G. M.","family":"Bredius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Willem-Alexander Children\u2019s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjan C.","family":"Lankester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Willem-Alexander Children\u2019s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1510-3104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjam","family":"van der Burg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children\u2019s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102466","article-title":"Post-rituximab immunoglobulin M (IgM) hypogammaglobulinemia","volume":"19","author":"Kridin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. 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