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Immune response dysfunction including the innate and adaptive immunity also plays a role in the development, as well as in the recurrence of HCC after treatment. Some of the tumor suppressor genes inhibited by the HCV proteins are p53, p73, and retinoblastoma 1. Mutations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter and the oncogene catenin beta 1 are two more important carcinogenic signaling pathways in HCC associated with HCV. Furthermore, in HCV-related HCC, numerous tumor suppressor and seven oncogenic genes are dysregulated by epigenetic changes. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is considered as a lasting \u201cepigenetic memory\u201d, suggesting that HCV-induced changes persist and are associated with liver carcinogenesis even after cure. Epigenetic changes and immune response dysfunction are recognized targets for potential therapy of HCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T11:23:39Z","timestamp":1699356219000},"page":"16048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["HCV and HCC Tango\u2014Deciphering the Intricate Dance of Disease: A Review Article"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ivana","family":"Milosevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nevena","family":"Todorovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Filipovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Simic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3574-3341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olja","family":"Stevanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovan","family":"Malinic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasa","family":"Katanic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina Situated in Kosovska Mitrovica, 28000 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Mitrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasa","family":"Nikolic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00240-3","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Llovet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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