{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T06:41:33Z","timestamp":1782456093628,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) FIS\/Fondos FEDER","award":["PI22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) FIS\/Fondos FEDER","award":["PI21\/00251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00251"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) FIS\/Fondos FEDER","award":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) FIS\/Fondos FEDER","award":["P2022\/BMD-7223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022\/BMD-7223"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) FIS\/Fondos FEDER","award":["RD21\/0005\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0005\/0001"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) FIS\/Fondos FEDER","award":["PMP21\/00109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP21\/00109"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) FIS\/Fondos FEDER","award":["101101220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101101220"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) FIS\/Fondos FEDER","award":["101137054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101137054"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) FIS\/Fondos FEDER","award":["RYC2018-024461-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2018-024461-I"]}]},{"name":"ERA-PerMed-JTC2022","award":["PI22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"ERA-PerMed-JTC2022","award":["PI21\/00251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00251"]}]},{"name":"ERA-PerMed-JTC2022","award":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"]}]},{"name":"ERA-PerMed-JTC2022","award":["P2022\/BMD-7223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022\/BMD-7223"]}]},{"name":"ERA-PerMed-JTC2022","award":["RD21\/0005\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0005\/0001"]}]},{"name":"ERA-PerMed-JTC2022","award":["PMP21\/00109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP21\/00109"]}]},{"name":"ERA-PerMed-JTC2022","award":["101101220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101101220"]}]},{"name":"ERA-PerMed-JTC2022","award":["101137054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101137054"]}]},{"name":"ERA-PerMed-JTC2022","award":["RYC2018-024461-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2018-024461-I"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid en Biomedicina","award":["PI22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid en Biomedicina","award":["PI21\/00251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00251"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid en Biomedicina","award":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid en Biomedicina","award":["P2022\/BMD-7223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022\/BMD-7223"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid en Biomedicina","award":["RD21\/0005\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0005\/0001"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid en Biomedicina","award":["PMP21\/00109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP21\/00109"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid en Biomedicina","award":["101101220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101101220"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid en Biomedicina","award":["101137054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101137054"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid en Biomedicina","award":["RYC2018-024461-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2018-024461-I"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["PI22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["PI21\/00251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00251"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["P2022\/BMD-7223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022\/BMD-7223"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["RD21\/0005\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0005\/0001"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["PMP21\/00109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP21\/00109"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["101101220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101101220"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["101137054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101137054"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["RYC2018-024461-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2018-024461-I"]}]},{"name":"Mecanismo para la Recuperaci\u00f3n y la Resiliencia (MRR) and SPACKDc","award":["PI22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"Mecanismo para la Recuperaci\u00f3n y la Resiliencia (MRR) and SPACKDc","award":["PI21\/00251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00251"]}]},{"name":"Mecanismo para la Recuperaci\u00f3n y la Resiliencia (MRR) and SPACKDc","award":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"]}]},{"name":"Mecanismo para la Recuperaci\u00f3n y la Resiliencia (MRR) and SPACKDc","award":["P2022\/BMD-7223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022\/BMD-7223"]}]},{"name":"Mecanismo para la Recuperaci\u00f3n y la Resiliencia (MRR) and SPACKDc","award":["RD21\/0005\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0005\/0001"]}]},{"name":"Mecanismo para la Recuperaci\u00f3n y la Resiliencia (MRR) and SPACKDc","award":["PMP21\/00109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP21\/00109"]}]},{"name":"Mecanismo para la Recuperaci\u00f3n y la Resiliencia (MRR) and SPACKDc","award":["101101220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101101220"]}]},{"name":"Mecanismo para la Recuperaci\u00f3n y la Resiliencia (MRR) and SPACKDc","award":["101137054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101137054"]}]},{"name":"Mecanismo para la Recuperaci\u00f3n y la Resiliencia (MRR) and SPACKDc","award":["RYC2018-024461-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2018-024461-I"]}]},{"name":"PREVENTCKD Consortium","award":["PI22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"PREVENTCKD Consortium","award":["PI21\/00251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00251"]}]},{"name":"PREVENTCKD Consortium","award":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"]}]},{"name":"PREVENTCKD Consortium","award":["P2022\/BMD-7223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022\/BMD-7223"]}]},{"name":"PREVENTCKD Consortium","award":["RD21\/0005\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0005\/0001"]}]},{"name":"PREVENTCKD Consortium","award":["PMP21\/00109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP21\/00109"]}]},{"name":"PREVENTCKD Consortium","award":["101101220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101101220"]}]},{"name":"PREVENTCKD Consortium","award":["101137054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101137054"]}]},{"name":"PREVENTCKD Consortium","award":["RYC2018-024461-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2018-024461-I"]}]},{"name":"KitNewCare","award":["PI22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"KitNewCare","award":["PI21\/00251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00251"]}]},{"name":"KitNewCare","award":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"]}]},{"name":"KitNewCare","award":["P2022\/BMD-7223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022\/BMD-7223"]}]},{"name":"KitNewCare","award":["RD21\/0005\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0005\/0001"]}]},{"name":"KitNewCare","award":["PMP21\/00109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP21\/00109"]}]},{"name":"KitNewCare","award":["101101220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101101220"]}]},{"name":"KitNewCare","award":["101137054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101137054"]}]},{"name":"KitNewCare","award":["RYC2018-024461-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2018-024461-I"]}]},{"name":"Spain\u2019s Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) Ramon y Cajal program","award":["PI22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"Spain\u2019s Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) Ramon y Cajal program","award":["PI21\/00251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00251"]}]},{"name":"Spain\u2019s Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) Ramon y Cajal program","award":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPAREKID AC22\/00027"]}]},{"name":"Spain\u2019s Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) Ramon y Cajal program","award":["P2022\/BMD-7223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022\/BMD-7223"]}]},{"name":"Spain\u2019s Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) Ramon y Cajal program","award":["RD21\/0005\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0005\/0001"]}]},{"name":"Spain\u2019s Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) Ramon y Cajal program","award":["PMP21\/00109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP21\/00109"]}]},{"name":"Spain\u2019s Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) Ramon y Cajal program","award":["101101220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101101220"]}]},{"name":"Spain\u2019s Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) Ramon y Cajal program","award":["101137054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101137054"]}]},{"name":"Spain\u2019s Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) Ramon y Cajal program","award":["RYC2018-024461-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2018-024461-I"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has killed ~7 million persons worldwide. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the most common risk factor for severe COVID-19 and one that most increases the risk of COVID-19-related death. Moreover, CKD increases the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI), and COVID-19 patients with AKI are at an increased risk of death. However, the molecular basis underlying this risk has not been well characterized. CKD patients are at increased risk of death from multiple infections, to which immune deficiency in non-specific host defenses may contribute. However, COVID-19-associated AKI has specific molecular features and CKD modulates the local (kidney) and systemic (lung, aorta) expression of host genes encoding coronavirus-associated receptors and factors (SCARFs), which SARS-CoV-2 hijacks to enter cells and replicate. We review the interaction between kidney disease and COVID-19, including the over 200 host genes that may influence the severity of COVID-19, and provide evidence suggesting that kidney disease may modulate the expression of SCARF genes and other key host genes involved in an effective adaptive defense against coronaviruses. Given the poor response of certain CKD populations (e.g., kidney transplant recipients) to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and their suboptimal outcomes when infected, we propose a research agenda focusing on CKD to develop the concept of comorbidity-specific targeted therapeutic approaches to SARS-CoV-2 infection or to future coronavirus infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T07:02:05Z","timestamp":1699426925000},"page":"16078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["SCARF Genes in COVID-19 and Kidney Disease: A Path to Comorbidity-Specific Therapies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6697-5279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sol","family":"Carriazo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"RICORS2040, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Abasheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9805-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RICORS2040, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7110-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Dolores","family":"Sanchez-Ni\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RICORS2040, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, July 27). WHO Coronavirus Dashboard. Available online: https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2019, June 22). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/interactive-timeline."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02051-3","article-title":"Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection","volume":"28","author":"Bowe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108175","article-title":"A Single-Cell RNA Expression Map of Human Coronavirus Entry Factors","volume":"32","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2023.105426","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to severe COVID-19","volume":"110","author":"Cappadona","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06331-x","article-title":"A common allele of HLA is associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"620","author":"Augusto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa314","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease is a key risk factor for severe COVID-19: A call to action by the ERA-EDTA","volume":"36","author":"Council","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY","volume":"584","author":"Williamson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30264-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national estimates of the population at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to underlying health conditions in 2020: A modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), and CKD Work Group (2013). KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. Suppl., 3, 1\u2013150."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"KDIGO AKI Work Group (2012). KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. Suppl., 2, 1\u2013138."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"National Kidney Foundation (2002). K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 39."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz007","article-title":"Clarifying the concept of chronic kidney disease for non-nephrologists","volume":"12","author":"Bartsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac199","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease as cardiovascular risk factor in routine clinical practice: A position statement by the Council of the European Renal Association","volume":"16","author":"Ortiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AIRG-E, EKPF, ALCER, FRIAT, REDINREN, RICORS2040, SENEFRO, SET, and ONT (2022). CKD: The burden of disease invisible to re-search funders. Nefrologia, 42, 65\u201384.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2021.09.004"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31694-5","article-title":"Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: Reference and alternative scenarios for 2016-40 for 195 countries and territories","volume":"392","author":"Foreman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz174","article-title":"A single number for advocacy and communication worldwide more than 850 million individuals have kidney diseases","volume":"34","author":"Jager","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1214243","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease as Interconnected Syndromes","volume":"371","author":"Chawla","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.06.030","article-title":"AKI on CKD: Heightened injury, suppressed repair, and the underlying mechanisms","volume":"92","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00710113","article-title":"World incidence of AKI: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Susantitaphong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60126-X","article-title":"International Society of Nephrology\u2019s 0by25 initi-ative for acute kidney injury (zero preventable deaths by 2025): A human rights case for nephrology","volume":"385","author":"Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00284-z","article-title":"Acute kidney injury","volume":"7","author":"Kellum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac234","article-title":"Impact of different COVID-19 waves on kidney replacement therapy epidemiology and mortality: REMER 2020","volume":"37","author":"Carriazo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.03.018","article-title":"Long-term Trends in Infection-Related Mortality in Adults Treated With Maintenance Dialysis","volume":"82","author":"Chong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa112","article-title":"Kidney disease and electrolytes in COVID-19: More than meets the eye","volume":"13","author":"Carriazo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28566","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28566","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection of kidney tissues from se-vere COVID-19 patients","volume":"95","author":"Radovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.12.010","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects the human kidney and drives fibrosis in kidney organoids","volume":"29","author":"Jansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22781-1","article-title":"Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syn-drome coronavirus 2 infection","volume":"12","author":"Diao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2011400","article-title":"Multiorgan and Renal Tropism of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"383","author":"Puelles","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"354","article-title":"Characterization of acute kidney injury in critically ill pa-tients with severe coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"13","author":"Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab237","article-title":"Acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy in people with COVID-19 disease in Ontario, Canada: A prospective analysis of risk factors and outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Roushani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab071","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in COVID-19: Multicentre prospective analysis of registry data","volume":"14","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"374","article-title":"Acute and chronic kidney disease and risk of hospital mortality during COVID-19 pandemic waves in the pre-vaccination era","volume":"16","author":"Ramos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e165192","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.165192","article-title":"A specific molecular signature in SARS-CoV-2-infected kidney biopsies","volume":"8","author":"Isnard","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2206573","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccines\u2013Immunity, Variants, Boosters","volume":"387","author":"Barouch","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002725","article-title":"A new adjuvant improves the immune response to hepati-tis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients","volume":"73","author":"Kong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab313","article-title":"Safety and immediate humoral re-sponse of COVID-19 vaccines in chronic kidney disease patients: The SENCOVAC study","volume":"37","author":"Quiroga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01770222","article-title":"Humoral Response to Third Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Vac-cines in the CKD Spectrum","volume":"17","author":"Quiroga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac307","article-title":"Humoral response after the fourth dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in the CKD spectrum: A prespecified analysis of the SENCOVAC study","volume":"38","author":"Quiroga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quiroga, B., Soler, M.J., Ortiz, A., de Sequera, P., and SENCOVAC Collaborative Network (2023). Lessons from SENCOVAC: A prospective study evaluating the re-sponse to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in the CKD spectrum. Nefrologia, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefroe.2023.04.005"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac135","article-title":"Evolving spectrum but persistent high mortality of COVID-19 among patients on kidney replacement therapy in the vaccine era: The Spanish COVID-19 KRT Registry","volume":"15","author":"Quiroga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030685","article-title":"A Major Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong","volume":"348","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.81","article-title":"SARS and MERS: Recent insights into emerging coronaviruses","volume":"14","author":"Falzarano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2023, August 12). Enrichr-KG Web-Server Application. Available online: https:\/\/maayanlab.cloud\/enrichr-kg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hikmet, F., M\u00e9ar, L., Edvinsson, \u00c5., Micke, P., Uhl\u00e9n, M., and Lindskog, C. (2020). The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues. Mol. Syst. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20209610"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa104","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 in chronic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Puchades","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carriazo, S., Ribagorda, M., Pintor-Chocano, A., Perez-Gomez, M.V., Ortiz, A., and Sanchez-Ni\u00f1o, M.D. (2023). Increased expression of SCARF genes favoring SARS-CoV-2 infection in key target organs in CKD. Clin. Kidney J., sfad220.","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad220"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12090","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.21.12090-12095.2004","article-title":"DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR Interact with the Glycoprotein of Marburg Virus and the S Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus","volume":"78","author":"Marzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1086\/427811","article-title":"Function of HAb18G\/CD147 in Invasion of Host Cells by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus","volume":"191","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1739565","article-title":"Emerging WuHan (COVID-19) coronavirus: Glycan shield and structure prediction of spike glyco-protein and its interaction with human CD26","volume":"9","author":"Vankadari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13863","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.001273","article-title":"TMPRSS11A activates the influenza A virus hemagglutinin and the MERS coronavirus spike protein and is insensitive against blockade by HAI-1","volume":"293","author":"Zmora","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.09.028","article-title":"Proteolytic activation of the SARS-coronavirus spike protein: Cutting enzymes at the cutting edge of antiviral research","volume":"100","author":"Simmons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00562-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00562-20","article-title":"LY6E Restricts Entry of Human Corona-viruses, Including Currently Pandemic SARS-CoV-2","volume":"94","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104874","article-title":"Topoisomerase III-\u03b2 is required for efficient replication of positive-sense RNA viruses","volume":"182","author":"Prasanth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5065","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks165","article-title":"Binding of the 5\u2032-untranslated region of coronavirus RNA to zinc finger CCHC-type and RNA-binding motif 1 enhances viral replication and transcription","volume":"40","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2286-9","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals tar-gets for drug repurposing","volume":"583","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.053","article-title":"Soluble ACE2-mediated cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 via interaction with proteins related to the renin-angiotensin system","volume":"184","author":"Yeung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15230","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202115230","article-title":"Clinical grade ACE2 as a universal agent to block SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"14","author":"Monteil","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoemaker, R.H., Panettieri, R.A., Libutti, S.K., Hochster, H.S., Watts, N.R., Wingfield, P.T., Starkl, P., Pimenov, L., Gawish, R., and Hladik, A. (2022). Development of an aerosol intervention for COVID-19 disease: Tolerability of soluble ACE2 (APN01) administered via nebulizer. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271066"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00293-y","article-title":"hACE2 Fc-neutralization antibody cocktail provides synergistic protection against SARS-CoV-2 and its spike RBD variants","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayi, B.S., Leibowitz, J.A., Woods, A.T., Ammon, K.A., Liu, A.E., and Raja, A. (2021). The role of Neuropilin-1 in COVID-19. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009153"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative (2021). Mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19. Nature, 600, 472\u2013477.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03767-x"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Severe COVID-19 GWAS Group (2020). Genomewide Association Study of Severe COVID-19 with Respiratory Failure. N. Engl. J. Med., 383, 1522\u20131534.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2025747"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddac158","article-title":"Detailed stratified GWAS analysis for severe COVID-19 in four European populations","volume":"31","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative (2022). A first update on mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19. Nature, 608, E1\u2013E10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04826-7"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00854-7","article-title":"Trans-ancestry analysis reveals genetic and nongenetic associations with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity","volume":"53","author":"Shelton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01042-x","article-title":"Expanded COVID-19 phenotype definitions reveal distinct patterns of genetic association and protective effects","volume":"54","author":"Roberts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-01006-7","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis provides genetic evi-dence that ACE2 influences COVID-19 risk and yields risk scores associated with severe disease","volume":"54","author":"Horowitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04576-6","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19","volume":"607","author":"Kousathanas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2022.146674","article-title":"The association of COVID-19 severity and susceptibility and genetic risk factors: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"836","author":"Ishak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06034-3","article-title":"GWAS and meta-analysis identifies 49 genetic vari-ants underlying critical COVID-19","volume":"617","author":"Rawlik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2022.146790","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of human genetic variants contributing to COVID-19 susceptibility and severity","volume":"844","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-023-01038-9","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms of ACE1, ACE2, IFTM3, TMPRSS2 and TNF\u03b1 genes associated with susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02296-6","article-title":"Heterogeneous aging across multiple organ sys-tems and prediction of chronic disease and mortality","volume":"29","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.52","article-title":"The systemic nature of CKD","volume":"13","author":"Zoccali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01180-5","article-title":"Albuminuria Downregulation of the Anti-Aging Factor Klotho: The Missing Link Potentially Explaining the Association of Pathological Albuminuria with Premature Death","volume":"37","author":"Ortiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft367","article-title":"p-Cresyl sulphate has pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic actions on human proximal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"29","author":"Poveda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo-Rodr\u00edguez, E., Pizarro-S\u00e1nchez, S., Sanz, A.B., Ramos, A.M., Sanchez-Ni\u00f1o, M.D., Martin-Cleary, C., Fernandez-Fernandez, B., and Ortiz, A. (2017). Inflammatory Cy-tokines as Uremic Toxins: \u201cNi Son Todos Los Que Estan, Ni Estan Todos Los Que Son\u201d. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9040114"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx376","article-title":"Albumin downregulates Klotho in tubular cells","volume":"33","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010101073","article-title":"The Inflammatory Cytokines TWEAK and TNF\u03b1 Reduce Renal Klotho Expression through NF\u03baB","volume":"22","author":"Moreno","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-013-0520-1","article-title":"Unilateral ureteral obstruction: Beyond obstruction","volume":"46","author":"Ucero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103031","article-title":"Cross-Species Transcriptional Network Analysis Defines Shared Inflammatory Responses in Murine and Human Lupus Nephritis","volume":"189","author":"Berthier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagawa, S., Nishihara, K., Miyata, H., Shinke, H., Tomita, E., Kajiwara, M., Matsubara, T., Iehara, N., Igarashi, Y., and Yamada, H. (2015). Molecular Markers of Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis and Tubular Cell Damage in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136994"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1181","article-title":"Transcriptome Analysis of Human Diabetic Kidney Disease","volume":"60","author":"Woroniecka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.155697.113","article-title":"Defining cell-type specificity at the transcriptional level in human disease","volume":"23","author":"Ju","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0477","article-title":"Modular activation of nuclear factor-kappaB transcriptional programs in human diabetic nephropathy","volume":"55","author":"Schmid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090746","article-title":"A Molecular Profile of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis from Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue","volume":"177","author":"Hodgin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090268","article-title":"Human nephrosclerosis triggers a hypoxia-related glomerulopathy","volume":"176","author":"Neusser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7988","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409465102","article-title":"Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry","volume":"102","author":"Hofmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00426-x","article-title":"CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12005","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC","volume":"495","author":"Raj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.4.2530-2538.2003","article-title":"Identification of a receptor-binding domain of the spike glyco-protein of human coronavirus HCoV-229E","volume":"77","author":"Bonavia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-11-2795","article-title":"Identification of residues critical for the human coronavirus 229E receptor function of human aminopeptidase N","volume":"78","author":"Kolb","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-10-2515","article-title":"Characterization of functional domains in the human coronavirus HCV 229E receptor","volume":"77","author":"Kolb","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/357420a0","article-title":"Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E","volume":"357","author":"Yeager","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5642","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.11.5642-5650.2004","article-title":"pH-dependent entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is mediated by the spike glycoprotein and enhanced by dendritic cell transfer through DC-SIGN","volume":"78","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.06.026","article-title":"LSECtin interacts with filovirus glycoproteins and the spike protein of SARS coronavirus","volume":"340","author":"Gramberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02232-10","article-title":"Evidence that TMPRSS2 Activates the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein for Membrane Fusion and Reduces Viral Control by the Humoral Immune Response","volume":"85","author":"Glowacka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15214","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1407087111","article-title":"Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein","volume":"111","author":"Millet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc3582","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abc3582","article-title":"TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes","volume":"5","author":"Zang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kam, Y.-W., Okumura, Y., Kido, H., Ng, L.F.P., Bruzzone, R., and Altmeyer, R. (2009). Cleavage of the SARS Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein by Airway Proteases Enhances Virus Entry into Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007870"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Wang, J., Shuai, L., Ma, X., Zhang, H., Liu, R., Chen, W., Wang, X., Ge, J., and Wen, Z. (2019). The Serine\/Threonine Kinase AP2-Associated Kinase 1 Plays an Important Role in Rabies Virus Entry. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010045"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89857","article-title":"Anticancer kinase inhibitors impair intracellular viral trafficking and exert broad-spectrum antiviral effects","volume":"127","author":"Bekerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neveu, G., Barouch-Bentov, R., Ziv-Av, A., Gerber, D., Jacob, Y., and Einav, S. (2012). Identification and Targeting of an Interaction between a Tyrosine Motif within Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein and AP2M1 Essential for Viral Assembly. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002845"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02705-14","article-title":"AP-2-Associated Protein Kinase 1 and Cyclin G-Associated Kinase Regulate Hepatitis C Virus Entry and Are Potential Drug Targets","volume":"89","author":"Neveu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00714-1","article-title":"The Protein Network of HIV Budding","volume":"114","author":"Stuchell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.11.043","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Is an HCV NS5A Ligand and Mediates Replication of the Viral Genome","volume":"148","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36354","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705221200","article-title":"TBC1D20 is a Rab1 GTPase-activating protein that mediates hepatitis C virus replication","volume":"282","author":"Sklan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.11.007","article-title":"RAB1A promotes Vaccinia virus replication by facilitating the production of intracellular enveloped virions","volume":"475","author":"Jowers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8012","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00500-11","article-title":"Analysis of Rab GTPase-Activating Proteins Indicates that Rab1a\/b and Rab43 Are Important for Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Secondary Envelopment","volume":"85","author":"Zenner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/21541248.2017.1346552","article-title":"Viral interactions with host cell Rab GTPases","volume":"9","author":"Spearman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small GTPases"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7262","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.9.7262-7270.1999","article-title":"RhoA Interacts with the Fusion Glycoprotein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Facilitates Virus-Induced Syncytium Formation","volume":"73","author":"Pastey","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.01.012","article-title":"Uncovering the global host cell requirements for influenza virus replication via RNAi screening","volume":"13","author":"Stertz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, I.C., Bailey, C.C., Weyer, J.L., Radoshitzky, S.R., Becker, M.M., Chiang, J.J., Brass, A.L., Ahmed, A.A., Chi, X., and Dong, L. (2011). Distinct patterns of IFITM-mediated restriction of filoviruses, SARS coronavirus, and influenza A virus. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001258"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0769-y","article-title":"LY6E impairs coronavirus fusion and confers immune control of viral disease","volume":"5","author":"Pfaender","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3072","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"370","author":"Daly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00592-0","article-title":"Type I and III interferon responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dieter, C., Brondani, L.d.A., Leit\u00e3o, C.B., Gerchman, F., Lemos, N.E., and Crispim, D. (2022). Genetic polymorphisms associated with susceptibility to COVID-19 disease and severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270627"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702231181343","article-title":"Influence of polymorphic variations of IFNL, HLA, and IL-6 genes in severe cases of COVID-19","volume":"248","author":"Sgorlon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-023-00454-y","article-title":"Computational network analysis of host genetic risk variants of severe COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Alsaedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688071","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.688071","article-title":"ACE Gene Variants Rise the Risk of Severe COVID-19 in Patients With Hypertension, Dyslipidemia or Diabetes: A Spanish Pilot Study","volume":"12","author":"Iniguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endo-Crinol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-021-00356-x","article-title":"Update on human genetic susceptibility to COVID-19: Susceptibility to virus and response","volume":"15","author":"Colona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00318-6","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of COVID-19 severity among the Chinese population","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0068423","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00684-23","article-title":"Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors based on ACE2 receptor or engineered Spike-binding peptides","volume":"97","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01108-9","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveals common epithelial re-sponse patterns in human acute kidney injury","volume":"14","author":"Hinze","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"1498","article-title":"MAGE genes in the kidney: Identification of MAGED2 as upregulated during kidney injury and in stressed tubular cells","volume":"34","author":"Cuarental","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/22\/16078\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:19:20Z","timestamp":1760131160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/22\/16078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242216078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242216078","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]}}}