{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T01:59:53Z","timestamp":1787795993072,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011929","name":"Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FF-NIA20-0000000087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-NIA20-0000000087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011929","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011929","name":"Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020 68014 31302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 68014 31302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011929","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FF-NIA20-0000000087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-NIA20-0000000087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020 68014 31302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 68014 31302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Purdue University, USA","award":["FF-NIA20-0000000087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-NIA20-0000000087"]}]},{"name":"Purdue University, USA","award":["2020 68014 31302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 68014 31302"]}]},{"name":"Krishi, Inc. USA","award":["FF-NIA20-0000000087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-NIA20-0000000087"]}]},{"name":"Krishi, Inc. USA","award":["2020 68014 31302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 68014 31302"]}]},{"name":"Purdue University Libraries Open Access Publishing Fund","award":["FF-NIA20-0000000087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-NIA20-0000000087"]}]},{"name":"Purdue University Libraries Open Access Publishing Fund","award":["2020 68014 31302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 68014 31302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herpesviruses are large DNA viruses that have long been used as powerful gene therapy tools. In recent years, the ability of herpesviruses to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses has led to their transition to various applications as vaccine vectors. This vaccinology branch is growing at an unprecedented and accelerated rate. To date, human herpesvirus-based vectors have been used in vaccines to combat a variety of infectious agents, including the Ebola virus, foot and mouth disease virus, and human immunodeficiency viruses. Additionally, these vectors are being tested as potential vaccines for cancer-associated antigens. Thanks to advances in recombinant DNA technology, immunology, and genomics, numerous steps in vaccine development have been greatly improved. A better understanding of herpesvirus biology and the interactions between these viruses and the host cells will undoubtedly foster the use of herpesvirus-based vaccine vectors in clinical settings. To overcome the existing drawbacks of these vectors, ongoing research is needed to further advance our knowledge of herpesvirus biology and to develop safer and more effective vaccine vectors. Advanced molecular virology and cell biology techniques must be used to better understand the mechanisms by which herpesviruses manipulate host cells and how viral gene expression is regulated during infection. In this review, we cover the underlying molecular structure of herpesviruses and the strategies used to engineer their genomes to optimize capacity and efficacy as vaccine vectors. Also, we assess the available data on the successful application of herpesvirus-based vaccines for combating diseases such as viral infections and the potential drawbacks and alternative approaches to surmount them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T03:42:08Z","timestamp":1699501328000},"page":"16112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Quest for Immunity: Exploring Human Herpesviruses as Vaccine Vectors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Kamel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Munds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Krishi Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6374-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohit S.","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Krishi Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA"},{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00012","article-title":"Designing Vaccines for the Twenty-First Century Society","volume":"5","author":"Finco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. 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