{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:58:01Z","timestamp":1791910681374,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":321,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Amiens Medical Center (Amiens, France)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>After acute kidney injury (AKI), renal function continues to deteriorate in some patients. In a pro-inflammatory and profibrotic environment, the proximal tubules are subject to maladaptive repair. In the AKI-to-CKD transition, impaired recovery from AKI reduces tubular and glomerular filtration and leads to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Reduced kidney secretion capacity is characterized by the plasma accumulation of biologically active molecules, referred to as uremic toxins (UTs). These toxins have a role in the development of neurological, cardiovascular, bone, and renal complications of CKD. However, UTs might also cause CKD as well as be the consequence. Recent studies have shown that these molecules accumulate early in AKI and contribute to the establishment of this pro-inflammatory and profibrotic environment in the kidney. The objective of the present work was to review the mechanisms of UT toxicity that potentially contribute to the AKI-to-CKD transition in each renal compartment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T01:17:51Z","timestamp":1699579071000},"page":"16152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The AKI-to-CKD Transition: The Role of Uremic Toxins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Camille","family":"Andr\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France"},{"name":"GRAP Laboratory, INSERM UMR 1247, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Bodeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France"},{"name":"MP3CV Laboratory, UR UPJV 7517, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa\u00efd","family":"Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MP3CV Laboratory, UR UPJV 7517, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0186-4797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef","family":"Bennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France"},{"name":"MP3CV Laboratory, UR UPJV 7517, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Caillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MP3CV Laboratory, UR UPJV 7517, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Amiens Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.02.033","article-title":"Harmonization of Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury and Acute Kidney Disease Produces Comparable Findings across Four Geographic Populations","volume":"101","author":"Sawhney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease: An Update 2022","volume":"12","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. 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