{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:15:28Z","timestamp":1784758528507,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cyprus Muscular Dystrophy Association","award":["Telethon 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Telethon 2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synaptic dysfunction and disrupted communication between neuronal and glial cells play an essential role in the underlying mechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Earlier studies have revealed the importance of glutamate receptors, particularly the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, in excitotoxicity, leading to abnormal synaptic transmission and damage of neurons. Our study aimed to determine whether antibodies to the NR2 subunit of NMDAR are detected in MS patients and evaluate the correlation between antibody presence and clinical outcome. Furthermore, our focus extended to examine a possible link between NR2 reactivity and anti-coagulant antibody levels as pro-inflammatory molecules associated with MS. A cross-sectional study was carried out, including 95 patients with MS and 61 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect anti-NR2 antibodies in serum samples of participants along with IgG antibodies against factor (F)VIIa, thrombin, prothrombin, FXa, and plasmin. According to our results, significantly elevated levels of anti-NR2 antibodies were detected in MS patients compared to HCs (p &lt; 0.05), and this holds true when we compared the Relapsing-Remitting MS course with HCs (p &lt; 0.05). A monotonically increasing correlation was found between NR2 seropositivity and advanced disability (rs = 0.30; p &lt; 0.01), anti-NR2 antibodies and disease worsening (rs = 0.24; p &lt; 0.05), as well as between antibody activity against NR2 and thrombin (rs = 0.33; p &lt; 0.01). The presence of anti-NR2 antibodies in MS patients was less associated with anti-plasmin IgG antibodies [OR:0.96 (95%CI: 0.92\u20130.99); p &lt; 0.05]; however, such an association was not demonstrated when analyzing only RRMS patients. In view of our findings, NR2-reactive antibodies may play, paving the way for further research into their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T05:04:56Z","timestamp":1699592696000},"page":"16170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Serum Reactive Antibodies against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor NR2 Subunit\u2014Could They Act as Potential Biomarkers?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Maria S.","family":"Hadjiagapiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroimmunology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Krashias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Christodoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2937-384X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios","family":"Pantzaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroimmunology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Lambrianides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroimmunology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e914","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000914","article-title":"Is MS Affecting the CNS Only? 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