{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:29:15Z","timestamp":1791818955487,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endotoxin, also referred to as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is a potent stimulator of the inflammatory cascade which may progress to sepsis and septic shock. The term endotoxic septic shock has been used for patients who have a clinical phenotype that is characterized by high endotoxin activity in addition to a high burden of organ failure; especially a pattern of organ failure including hepatic dysfunction, acute kidney injury, and various forms of endothelial dysfunction. Endotoxic septic shock has been a target for drug therapy for decades with no success. A likely barrier to their success was the inability to quantify endotoxin in the bloodstream. The Endotoxin Activity Assay (EAA) is positioned to change this landscape. In addition, medical devices using adsorptive technology in an extra-corporeal circulation has been shown to remove large quantities of endotoxin from the bloodstream. Focusing on the use of EAA to determine high concentrations of endotoxin will allow patients with endotoxic septic shock to be identified quickly and these patients may benefit most from removal of endotoxin using extracorporeal methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:02:42Z","timestamp":1699840962000},"page":"16185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Endotoxic Septic Shock: Diagnosis and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Debra M.","family":"Foster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectral Medical Inc., Toronto, ON M9C 1C2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1995-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A.","family":"Kellum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectral Medical Inc., Toronto, ON M9C 1C2, Canada"},{"name":"Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ProCESS Investigators, Yealy, D.M., Kellum, J.A., Huang, D.T., Barnato, A.E., Weissfeld, L.A., Pike, F., Terndrup, T., Wang, H.E., and Hou, P.C. 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