{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T12:51:56Z","timestamp":1783947116347,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MUR, Project DCM.AD007.198, BONE++ - ARS01_00693 (Development of Micro and Nanotechnologies for Predictivity, Diagnosis, Therapy and Regenerative Treatments of Pathological Bone and Osteo-Articular Alterations)","award":["DCM.AD007.198, BONE++ - ARS01_00693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DCM.AD007.198, BONE++ - ARS01_00693"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dysregulated metal homeostasis is associated with many pathological conditions, including arthritic diseases. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the two most prevalent disorders that damage the joints and lead to cartilage and bone destruction. Recent studies show that the levels of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are generally altered in the serum of arthritis patients. Therefore, metal dyshomeostasis may reflect the contribution of these trace elements to the disease\u2019s pathogenesis and manifestations, suggesting their potential for prognosis and treatment. Carnosine (Car) also emerged as a biomarker in arthritis and exerts protective and osteogenic effects in arthritic joints. Notably, its zinc(II) complex, polaprezinc, has been recently proposed as a drug-repurposing candidate for bone fracture healing. On these bases, this review article aims to provide an overview of the beneficial roles of Cu and Zn in bone and cartilage health and their potential application in tissue engineering. The effects of Car and polaprezinc in promoting cartilage and bone regeneration are also discussed. We hypothesize that polaprezinc could exchange Zn for Cu, present in the culture media, due to its higher sequestering ability towards Cu. However, future studies should unveil the potential contribution of Cu in the beneficial effects of polaprezinc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:02:42Z","timestamp":1699840962000},"page":"16209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Carnosine, Zinc and Copper: A Menage a Trois in Bone and Cartilage Protection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9172-5768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Ciaffaglione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crystallography, National Council of Research (CNR), P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5367-0823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Rizzarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crystallography, National Council of Research (CNR), P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102011","article-title":"Nanotechnology application in drug delivery to osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and osteoporosis (OSP)","volume":"61","author":"Rabiei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. 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