{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:20:48Z","timestamp":1791390048569,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF 2018R1A6A1A03025124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2018R1A6A1A03025124"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF 2019R1A2C1086807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2019R1A2C1086807"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF 2022R1A2C1091779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2022R1A2C1091779"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["HV22C0233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HV22C0233"]}]},{"name":"Korean government (MSIT)","award":["NRF 2018R1A6A1A03025124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2018R1A6A1A03025124"]}]},{"name":"Korean government (MSIT)","award":["NRF 2019R1A2C1086807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2019R1A2C1086807"]}]},{"name":"Korean government (MSIT)","award":["NRF 2022R1A2C1091779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2022R1A2C1091779"]}]},{"name":"Korean government (MSIT)","award":["HV22C0233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HV22C0233"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["NRF 2018R1A6A1A03025124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2018R1A6A1A03025124"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["NRF 2019R1A2C1086807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2019R1A2C1086807"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["NRF 2022R1A2C1091779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2022R1A2C1091779"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["HV22C0233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HV22C0233"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["NRF 2018R1A6A1A03025124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2018R1A6A1A03025124"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["NRF 2019R1A2C1086807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2019R1A2C1086807"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["NRF 2022R1A2C1091779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF 2022R1A2C1091779"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HV22C0233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HV22C0233"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>No matter what treatment is used after nerve transection, a complete cure is impossible, so basic and clinical research is underway to find a cure. As part of this research, autophagy is being investigated for its role in nerve regeneration. Here, we review the existing literature regarding the involvement and significance of autophagy in peripheral nerve injury and regeneration. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to assess the induction and role of autophagy in peripheral nerve injury and subsequent regeneration. Studies were included if they were prospective or retrospective investigations of autophagy and facial or peripheral nerves. Articles not mentioning autophagy or the facial or peripheral nerves, review articles, off-topic articles, and those not written in English were excluded. A total of 14 peripheral nerve studies that met these criteria, including 11 involving sciatic nerves, 2 involving facial nerves, and 1 involving the inferior alveolar nerve, were included in this review. Studies conducted on rats and mice have demonstrated activation of autophagy and expression of related factors in peripheral nerves with or without stimulation of autophagy-inducing factors such as rapamycin, curcumin, three-dimensional melatonin nerve scaffolds, CXCL12, resveratrol, nerve growth factor, lentinan, adipose-derived stem cells and melatonin, basic fibroblast growth factor, and epothilone B. Among the most studied of these factors in relation to degeneration and regeneration of facial and sciatic nerves are LC3II\/I, PI3K, mTOR, Beclin-1, ATG3, ATG5, ATG7, ATG9, and ATG12. This analysis indicates that autophagy is involved in the process of nerve regeneration following facial and sciatic nerve damage. Inadequate autophagy induction or failure of autophagy responses can result in regeneration issues after peripheral nerve damage. Animal studies suggest that autophagy plays an important role in peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:10:43Z","timestamp":1699841443000},"page":"16219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Induction of Autophagy and Its Role in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration after Peripheral Nerve Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1628-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Keon","family":"Yon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5374-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Choon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon 16247, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6398-1297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su Young","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon Hyung","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Center, Danyang-gun, Seoul 27010, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeongmin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7546-9765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8021-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Geun","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.35","article-title":"Autophagy\u2013A key player in cellular and body metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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