{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:41:19Z","timestamp":1760150479005,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FibroTx LLC.","award":["PUT1465","PRG1189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PUT1465","PRG1189"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Estonian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PUT1465","PRG1189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PUT1465","PRG1189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Estonian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PUT1465","PRG1189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PUT1465","PRG1189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Measurements of skin surface biomarkers have enormous value for the detailed assessment of skin conditions, both for clinical application and in skin care. The main goals of the current study were to assess whether expression patterns of skin surface hBD-1, hBD-2, IL-1\u03b1, CXCL-1, and CXCL-8, examples of proteins known to be involved in psoriasis pathology, are associated with disease severity and whether expression patterns of these proteins on the skin surface can be used to measure pharmacodynamic effects of biological therapy. In this observational study using transdermal analysis patch (TAP), levels of skin surface IL-1\u03b1, hBD-1, hBD-2, CXCL-1\/2, and CXCL-8 of psoriasis vulgaris (PV) patients over biological therapy were assessed. The Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) and local score for erythema, induration, and desquamation were determined from the exact same skin area as FibroTx TAP measurements. Thirty-seven adult PV patients were included, of which twenty-three were subjected to anti-TNF-\u03b1, seven to anti-IL-17A, and seven to anti-IL12\/IL-23 therapy. Significantly higher levels of hBD-1, hBD-2, CXCL-1\/2, and CXCL-8 were detected on lesional skin compared to the non-lesional skin of the PV patients. In contrast, lower levels of IL-1\u03b1 were found in lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin. In addition, we observed that the biomarker expression levels correlate with disease severity. Further, we confirmed that changes in the expression levels of skin surface biomarkers during biological therapy correlate with treatment response. Biomarker expression patterns in response to treatment differed somewhat between treatment subtypes. We observed that, in the case of anti-TNF-\u03b1 therapy, an increase after a steady decrease in the expression levels of CXCL-1\/2 and CXCL-8 occurred before the change in clinical scores. Moreover, response kinetics of skin surface proteins differs between the applied therapies\u2014hBD2 expression responds quickly to anti-IL-17A therapy, CXCL-1\/2 to anti-IL-12\/23, and levels of CXCL-8 are rapidly down-regulated by IL-17A and IL-12\/23 therapy. Our findings confirm that the skin surface hBD-2, IL-1\u03b1, CXCL-1\/2, and CXCL-8 are markers for the psoriasis severity. Further, data obtained during this study give the basis for the conclusion that skin surface proteins CXCL-1\/2 and CXCL-8 may have value as therapeutic biomarkers, thus confirming that measuring the \u2018molecular root\u2019 of inflammation appears to have value in scoring disease severity on its own.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:10:43Z","timestamp":1699841443000},"page":"16248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non-Invasive Assessment of Skin Surface Proteins of Psoriasis Vulgaris Patients in Response to Biological Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Kadri","family":"Orro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia"},{"name":"FibroTx LLC., M\u00e4ealuse 4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristiina","family":"Salk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibroTx LLC., M\u00e4ealuse 4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Merkulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibroTx LLC., M\u00e4ealuse 4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristi","family":"Abram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital, 50417 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Clinic of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tartu University, 50417 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maire","family":"Karelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital, 50417 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Clinic of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tartu University, 50417 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2749-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanel","family":"Traks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tartu University, 50417 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toomas","family":"Neuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibroTx LLC., M\u00e4ealuse 4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Spee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibroTx LLC., M\u00e4ealuse 4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia"},{"name":"PS! Pharmaconsult, Moellemoseparken 44, 3450 Alleroed, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K\u00fclli","family":"Kingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital, 50417 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Clinic of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tartu University, 50417 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.07.013","article-title":"Etiology and pathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"41","author":"Boehncke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. 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[2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/22\/16248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:22:03Z","timestamp":1760131323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/22\/16248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242216248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242216248","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]}}}