{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:09:52Z","timestamp":1791407392499,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fear conditioning constitutes the best and most reproducible paradigm to study the neurobiological mechanisms underlying emotions. On the other hand, studies on the synaptic plasticity phenomena underlying fear conditioning present neural circuits enforcing this learning pattern related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Notably, in both humans and the rodent model, fear conditioning and context rely on dependent neurocircuitry in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus. In this review, an overview of the role that classical neurotransmitters play in the contextual conditioning model of fear, and therefore in PTSD, was reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:47:48Z","timestamp":1700009268000},"page":"16327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Neurotransmission Basis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders by the Fear Conditioning Paradigm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9996-3584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Traina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Romana, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9976-0429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack A.","family":"Tuszynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Data Science and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260504268119","article-title":"The biology of trauma: Implications for treatment","volume":"20","author":"Solomon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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