{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:25:41Z","timestamp":1791890741650,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EADV","award":["PPRC-2021-31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPRC-2021-31"]}]},{"name":"EADV","award":["221S87"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221S87"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00dcB\u0130TAK 1001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPRC-2021-31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPRC-2021-31"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00dcB\u0130TAK 1001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["221S87"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221S87"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease (BD) is a complex, recurring inflammatory disorder with autoinflammatory and autoimmune components. This comprehensive review aims to explore BD\u2019s pathogenesis, focusing on established genetic factors. Studies reveal that HLA-B*51 is the primary genetic risk factor, but non-HLA genes (ERAP1, IL-10, IL23R\/IL-12RB2), as well as innate immunity genes (FUT2, MICA, TLRs), also contribute. Genome-wide studies emphasize the significance of ERAP1 and HLA-I epistasis. These variants influence antigen presentation, enzymatic activity, and HLA-I peptidomes, potentially leading to distinct autoimmune responses. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify studies exploring the association between HLA-B*51 and BD and further highlighted the roles of innate and adaptive immunity in BD. Dysregulations in Th1\/Th2 and Th17\/Th1 ratios, heightened clonal cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells, and reduced T regulatory cells characterize BD\u2019s complex immune responses. Various immune cell types (neutrophils, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, natural killer cells) further contribute by releasing cytokines (IL-17, IL-8, GM-CSF) that enhance neutrophil activation and mediate interactions between innate and adaptive immunity. In summary, this review advances our understanding of BD pathogenesis while acknowledging the research limitations. Further exploration of genetic interactions, immune dysregulation, and immune cell roles is crucial. Future studies may unveil novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, offering improved management for this complex disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T01:56:29Z","timestamp":1700099789000},"page":"16382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Disease: A Comprehensive Review on the Role of HLA-B*51, Antigen Presentation, and Inflammatory Cascade"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0866-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saba","family":"Khoshbakht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ko\u00e7 University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul 34010, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9923-205X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Defne","family":"Ba\u015fkurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3222-874X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atay","family":"Vural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ko\u00e7 University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul 34010, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ko\u00e7 University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34010, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6561-196X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se\u00e7il","family":"Vural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ko\u00e7 University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul 34010, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Ko\u00e7 University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34010, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4049-7","article-title":"Correlation between IL-17A\/F, IL-23, IL-35 and IL-12\/-23 (p40) levels in peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures and disease activity in Behcet\u2019s patients","volume":"37","author":"Sonmez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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