{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:17:13Z","timestamp":1791051433001,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cirrhosis is the end result of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. Studying the mechanisms of its development and developing measures to slow down and regress it based on this knowledge seem to be important tasks for medicine. Currently, disorders of the gut\u2013liver axis have great importance in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis. However, gut dysbiosis, which manifests as increased proportions in the gut microbiota of Bacilli and Proteobacteria that are capable of bacterial translocation and a decreased proportion of Clostridia that strengthen the intestinal barrier, occurs even at the pre-cirrhotic stage of chronic liver disease. This leads to the development of bacterial translocation, a process by which those microbes enter the blood of the portal vein and then the liver tissue, where they activate Kupffer cells through Toll-like receptor 4. In response, the Kupffer cells produce profibrogenic cytokines, which activate hepatic stellate cells, stimulating their transformation into myofibroblasts that produce collagen and other elements of the extracellular matrix. Blocking bacterial translocation with antibiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and other methods could slow down the progression of liver fibrosis. This was shown in a number of animal models but requires further verification in long-term randomized controlled trials with humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:30:50Z","timestamp":1700440250000},"page":"16502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Gut Microbiota and Bacterial Translocation in the Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7513-1636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Maslennikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"The Interregional Public Organization \u201cScientific Community for the Promotion of the Clinical Study of the Human Microbiome\u201d, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Poluektova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"The Interregional Public Organization \u201cScientific Community for the Promotion of the Clinical Study of the Human Microbiome\u201d, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oxana","family":"Zolnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Sedova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6154-8163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Kurbatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Shulpekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natyia","family":"Dzhakhaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Kardasheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1210-2528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Nadinskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Bueverova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Nechaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6647-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Karchevskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Ivashkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"The Interregional Public Organization \u201cScientific Community for the Promotion of the Clinical Study of the Human Microbiome\u201d, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.04.015","article-title":"The Global Burden of Liver Disease","volume":"21","author":"Younossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Cirrhosis Collaborators (2020). The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 5, 245\u2013266."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001292","article-title":"Trends in the economic burden of chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis in the United States: 1996\u20132016","volume":"116","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01374-X","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis","volume":"398","author":"Krag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9320","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i31.9320","article-title":"Gut-liver axis in cirrhosis: Are hemodynamic changes a missing link?","volume":"9","author":"Maslennikov","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.10.003","article-title":"The gut-liver axis in liver disease: Pathophysiological basis for therapy","volume":"72","author":"Albillos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.09.017","article-title":"Gut-liver axis: Pathophysiological concepts and clinical implications","volume":"34","author":"Tilg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6702","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i47.6702","article-title":"Microbiota in the stomach and application of probiotics to gastroduodenal diseases","volume":"28","author":"Koga","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14372","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14372","article-title":"Role of the duodenal microbiota in functional dyspepsia","volume":"34","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.10.068","article-title":"Gut microbiota and immunity relevance in eubiosis and dysbiosis","volume":"29","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleman, R.S., Moncada, M., and Aryana, K.J. (2023). Leaky Gut and the Ingredients That Help Treat It: A Review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020619"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00771-6","article-title":"Gut-liver axis: Barriers and functional circuits","volume":"20","author":"Pabst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Vincenzo, F., Del Gaudio, A., Petito, V., Lopetuso, L.R., and Scaldaferri, F. (2023). Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: A narrative review. Intern. Emerg. Med.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8787","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8787","article-title":"Role of the normal gut microbiota","volume":"21","author":"GJandhyala","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01219-9","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in diseases","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186892","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1186892","article-title":"Regulation of short-chain fatty acids in the immune system","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anachad, O., Taouil, A., Taha, W., Bennis, F., and Chegdani, F. (2023). The Implication of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Obesity and Diabetes. Microbiol. Insights, 16.","DOI":"10.1177\/11786361231162720"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-023-00461-4","article-title":"Butyrate: More Than a Short Chain Fatty Acid","volume":"12","author":"Mundi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ney, L.M., Wipplinger, M., Grossmann, M., Engert, N., Wegner, V.D., and Mosig, A.S. (2023). Short chain fatty acids: Key regulators of the local and systemic immune response in inflammatory diseases and infections. Open Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.230014"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.10.024","article-title":"Butyrate\u2019s role in human health and the current progress towards its clinical application to treat gastrointestinal disease","volume":"42","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150452","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2150452","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridioides difficile","volume":"14","author":"Buddle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, S., Wetzel, D., and Schirmer, M. (2022). Deciphering mechanisms and implications of bacterial translocation in human health and disease. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 67.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2022.102147"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2018.1481747","article-title":"Bacterial translocation in patients with liver cirrhosis: Physiology, clinical consequences, and practical implications","volume":"12","author":"Ponziani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-017-9798-x","article-title":"Gut-liver axis, cirrhosis and portal hypertension: The chicken and the egg","volume":"12","author":"Arab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756284820942616","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284820942616","article-title":"Intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation in patients with liver disease, focusing on alcoholic aetiology: Methods of assessment and therapeutic intervention","volume":"13","author":"Skinner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.03.016","article-title":"Exploring Bacteroidetes: Metabolic key points and immunological tricks of our gut commensals","volume":"50","author":"Gibiino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2019.0220","article-title":"Revisiting the Bacterial Phylum Composition in Metabolic Diseases Focused on Host Energy Metabolism","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00008-07","article-title":"Bacteroides: The good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty","volume":"20","author":"Wexler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.02.012","article-title":"Actinobacteria: A relevant minority for the maintenance of gut homeostasis","volume":"50","author":"Binda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidalgo-Cantabrana, C., Delgado, S., Ruiz, L., Ruas-Madiedo, P., S\u00e1nchez, B., and Margolles, A. (2017). Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects. Microbiol. Spectr., 5.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAD-0010-2016"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.06.011","article-title":"Proteobacteria: Microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzatti, G., Lopetuso, L.R., Gibiino, G., Binda, C., and Gasbarrini, A. (2017). Proteobacteria: A Common Factor in Human Diseases. Biomed. Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9351507"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.07.003","article-title":"Dysbiotic Proteobacteria expansion: A microbial signature of epithelial dysfunction","volume":"39","author":"Litvak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2022.2037506","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila plays critical roles in host health","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghotaslou, R., Nabizadeh, E., Memar, M.Y., Law, W.M.H., Ozma, M.A., Abdi, M., Yekani, M., Kadkhoda, H., Hosseinpour, R., and Bafadam, S. (2023). The metabolic, protective, and immune functions of Akkermansia muciniphila. Microbiol. Res., 266.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127245"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellegrino, A., Coppola, G., Santopaolo, F., Gasbarrini, A., and Ponziani, F.R. (2023). Role of Akkermansia in Human Diseases: From Causation to Therapeutic Properties. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081815"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i24.2978","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Bures","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.22416\/1382-4376-2022-32-3-68-85","article-title":"Practical Recommendation of the Scientific Community for Human Microbiome Research (CHMR) and the Russian Gastroenterological Association (RGA) on Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Adults","volume":"32","author":"Ivashkin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Russ. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Coloproctol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000971","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: Current update","volume":"39","author":"Zafar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2023.2207008","article-title":"Evaluation of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth","volume":"17","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14106","article-title":"Faecal microbiota from patients with cirrhosis has a low capacity to ferment non-digestible carbohydrates into short-chain fatty acids","volume":"39","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13216","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with hepatitis B virus-induced chronic liver disease covering chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001494","article-title":"Characterisation of blood microbiota in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"31","author":"Kajihara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Xie, Y., Zhou, F., Zhang, B., Wu, J., Yang, L., Xu, S., Stedtfeld, R., Chen, Q., and Liu, J. (2020). Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated with the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00383"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4232","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3045","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis contributes to the disorder of gut microbiota in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00153-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00153-20","article-title":"Alterations in the Gut Microbiome in the Progression of Cirrhosis to Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Lapidot","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.12.019","article-title":"Altered profile of human gut microbiome is associated with cirrhosis and its complications","volume":"60","author":"Bajaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27819","article-title":"Salivary microbiota reflects changes in gut microbiota in cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"62","author":"Bajaj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26800","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26800","article-title":"Impaired Gut-Liver-Brain Axis in Patients with Cirrhosis","volume":"6","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00470","article-title":"Small Bowel Transit and Altered Gut Microbiota in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy205","article-title":"Gut Dysbiosis Associated with Hepatitis C Virus Infection","volume":"67","author":"Inoue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v13.i5.557","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis is associated with poorer long-term prognosis in cirrhosis","volume":"13","author":"Maslennikov","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24423","article-title":"Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.01.003","article-title":"Modulation of the fecal bile acid profile by gut microbiota in cirrhosis","volume":"58","author":"Kakiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"58","article-title":"Correlation between intestinal mucosal permeability and prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"28","author":"Lian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.5754\/hge10338","article-title":"The role of the gut barrier function in the pathophysiology of viral liver cirrhosis","volume":"58","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14474","article-title":"Soluble CD163 and soluble mannose receptor predict survival and decompensation in patients with liver cirrhosis, and correlate with gut permeability and bacterial translocation","volume":"47","author":"Rainer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.4525","article-title":"NMR-based urinary profiling of lactulose\/mannitol ratio used to assess the altered intestinal permeability in acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients","volume":"55","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2018.11.014","article-title":"Plasma claudin-3 is associated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced intestinal endotoxemia in liver disease","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2011.02609.x","article-title":"Altered intestinal tight junctions\u2019 expression in patients with liver cirrhosis: A pathogenetic mechanism of intestinal hyperpermeability","volume":"42","author":"Assimakopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28853","article-title":"Low-grade endotoxemia and platelet activation in cirrhosis","volume":"65","author":"Raparelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5945721","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5945721","article-title":"Serum Zonulin in HBV-Associated Chronic Hepatitis, Liver Cirrhosis, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"2019","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-018-9898-2","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in cirrhosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Maslennikov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2019.18551","article-title":"Is small intestinal bacterial overgrowth a cause of hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis?","volume":"30","author":"Maslennikov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16795","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i45.16795","article-title":"Microbiota and the gut-liver axis: Bacterial translocation, inflammation and infection in cirrhosis","volume":"20","author":"Giannelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"486","article-title":"Bacterial translocation markers in liver cirrhosis","volume":"30","author":"Alexopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13095","article-title":"The prognostic significance of bacterial DNA in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and suspected infection","volume":"36","author":"Bruns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00069","article-title":"Compartmentalization of Immune Response and Microbial Translocation in Decompensated Cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"Schierwagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5146-9","article-title":"Expression of \u03b1Defensins, CD20+ B-lymphocytes, and Intraepithelial CD3+ T-lymphocytes in the Intestinal Mucosa of Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: Emerging Mediators of Intestinal Barrier Function","volume":"63","author":"Tsiaoussis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.07.022","article-title":"Association between Intestinal Microbiota Collected at Hospital Admission and Outcomes of Patients with Cirrhosis","volume":"17","author":"Bajaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efremova, I., Maslennikov, R., Alieva, A., Poluektova, E., and Ivashkin, V. (2023). Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Cirrhosis. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11041017"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319720","article-title":"Recent advances in alcohol-related liver disease (ALD): Summary of a Gut round table meeting","volume":"69","author":"Avila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.06.018","article-title":"Heavy daily alcohol intake at the population level predicts the weight of alcohol in cirrhosis burden worldwide","volume":"65","author":"Stein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2008.08.006","article-title":"Probiotics restore bowel flora and improve liver enzymes in human alcohol-induced liver injury: A pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Kirpich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4485","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415174111","article-title":"Intestinal permeability, gut-bacterial dysbiosis, and behavioral markers of alcohol-dependence severity","volume":"111","author":"Leclercq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G966","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00380.2011","article-title":"Colonic microbiome is altered in alcoholism","volume":"302","author":"Mutlu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"223","article-title":"The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: Alcohol Effects on the Composition of Intestinal Microbiota","volume":"37","author":"Engen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.C., Chen, Y.C., Chen, S.J., Lee, C.H., and Cheng, C.M. (2020). Alcohol Addiction, Gut Microbiota, and Alcoholism Treatment: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176413"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.00797.x","article-title":"Leaky gut in alcoholic cirrhosis: A possible mechanism for alcohol-induced liver damage","volume":"94","author":"Keshavarzian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G881","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00006.2004","article-title":"Recent Advances in Alcoholic Liver Disease I. Role of intestinal permeability and endotoxemia in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"286","author":"Rao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i22.3400","article-title":"Epidemiology of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth","volume":"29","author":"Efremova","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050617","article-title":"Impairment of the intestinal barrier by ethanol involves enteric microflora and mast cell activation in rodents","volume":"168","author":"Ferrier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2008.12.009","article-title":"Lactobacillus GG treatment ameliorates alcohol-induced intestinal oxidative stress, gut leakiness, and liver injury in a rat model of alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"43","author":"Forsyth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"442","article-title":"Preventing gut leakiness by oats supplementation ameliorates alcohol-induced liver damage in rats","volume":"299","author":"Keshavarzian","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Mowafy, M., Elgaml, A., El-Mesery, M., Sultan, S., Ahmed, T.A.E., Gomaa, A.I., Aly, M., and Mottawea, W. (2021). Changes of Gut-Microbiota-Liver Axis in Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10010055"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marascio, N., De Caro, C., Quirino, A., Mazzitelli, M., Russo, E., Torti, C., and Matera, G. (2022). The Role of the Microbiota Gut-Liver Axis during HCV Chronic Infection: A Schematic Overview. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195936"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"91","article-title":"Evaluation of bacterial translocation in patients with chronic HCV infection","volume":"52","author":"Munteanu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rom. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.063","article-title":"Host response to translocated microbial products predicts outcomes of patients with HBV or HCV infection","volume":"141","author":"Sandler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa496","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa496","article-title":"Microbial Translocation in the Context of Hepatitis B Infection and Hepatitis D Infection","volume":"8","author":"Townsend","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-7-15","article-title":"Elevated endotoxin levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Harte","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobayashi, T., Iwaki, M., Nakajima, A., Nogami, A., and Yoneda, M. (2022). Current Research on the Pathogenesis of NAFLD\/NASH and the Gut-Liver Axis: Gut Microbiota, Dysbiosis, and Leaky-Gut Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911689"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallianou, N., Christodoulatos, G.S., Karampela, I., Tsilingiris, D., Magkos, F., Stratigou, T., Kounatidis, D., and Dalamaga, M. (2021). Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12010056"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roehlen, N., Crouchet, E., and Baumert, T.F. (2020). Liver Fibrosis: Mechanistic Concepts and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040875"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.L., Li, Z.J., Gou, H.Z., Song, X.J., and Zhang, L. (2022). The gut microbiota-bile acid axis: A potential therapeutic target for liver fibrosis. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.945368"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.04896.x","article-title":"Expression of Toll-like receptor 4 in rat liver during the course of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury","volume":"22","author":"Hua","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1663","article-title":"TLR4 enhances TGF-beta signaling and hepatic fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Seki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.11.013","article-title":"Intestinal decontamination inhibits TLR4 dependent fibronectin-mediated cross-talk between stellate cells and endothelial cells in liver fibrosis in mice","volume":"56","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.2021-0018","article-title":"LPS-TLR4\/MD-2-TNF-\u03b1 signaling mediates alcohol-induced liver fibrosis in rats","volume":"35","author":"Mou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.10.028","article-title":"Evidence that chronic alcohol exposure promotes intestinal oxidative stress, intestinal hyperpermeability and endotoxemia prior to development of alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats","volume":"50","author":"Keshavarzian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1318","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00405.2005","article-title":"LPS signaling enhances hepatic fibrogenesis caused by experimental cholestasis in mice","volume":"290","author":"Isayama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.04.012","article-title":"Rifaximin and lubiprostone mitigate liver fibrosis development by repairing gut barrier function in diet-induced rat steatohepatitis","volume":"54","author":"Enomoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2995","article-title":"Reduction of endotoxin attenuates liver fibrosis through suppression of hepatic stellate cell activation and remission of intestinal permeability in a rat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model","volume":"11","author":"Douhara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v13.i9.1154","article-title":"Probiotics in hepatology: An update","volume":"13","author":"Maslennikov","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpge.2016.01.004","article-title":"Microbiota Modulation with Synbiotic Decreases Liver Fibrosis in a High Fat Choline Deficient Diet Mice Model of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)","volume":"23","author":"Borralho","year":"2016","journal-title":"GE\u2014Port. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2012.12.020","article-title":"Thymoquinone attenuates liver fibrosis via PI3K and TLR4 signaling pathways in activated hepatic stellate cells","volume":"15","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keshavarz Azizi Raftar, S., Ashrafian, F., Yadegar, A., Lari, A., Moradi, H.R., Shahriary, A., Azimirad, M., Alavifard, H., Mohsenifar, Z., and Davari, M. (2021). The Protective Effects of Live and Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila and Its Extracellular Vesicles against HFD\/CCl4-Induced Liver Injury. Microbiol. Spectr., 9.","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00484-21"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000458","article-title":"Effects of probiotics (cultured Lactobacillus subtilis\/Streptococcus faecium) in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis: Randomized-controlled multicenter study","volume":"27","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, H., Kim, S.H., Kim, S.K., Han, S.H., Kwon, H.C., and Suk, K.T. (2022). Beneficial Shifts in Gut Microbiota by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus R0011 and Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 in Alcoholic Hepatitis. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071474"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000165671.25272.0f","article-title":"Beneficial effects of a probiotic VSL#3 on parameters of liver dysfunction in chronic liver diseases","volume":"39","author":"Loguercio","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2015-024","article-title":"Safety and long-term effect of the probiotic FK-23 in patients with hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"35","author":"Oo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci. Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpi, R.Z., Barbalho, S.M., Sloan, K.P., Laurindo, L.F., Gonzaga, H.F., Grippa, P.C., Zutin, T.L.M., Girio, R.J.S., Repetti, C.S.F., and Detregiachi, C.R.P. (2022). The Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in Non-Alcoholic Fat Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH): A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158805"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12561","article-title":"Treatment efficacy of a probiotic preparation for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A pilot trial","volume":"18","author":"Manzhalii","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.271.kby","article-title":"A Multi-strain Probiotic Reduces the Fatty Liver Index, Cytokines and Aminotransferase levels in NAFLD Patients: Evidence from a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"27","author":"Kobyliak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42059-3","article-title":"Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of a Multispecies Probiotic Mixture in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"9","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamad Nor, M.H., Ayob, N., Mokhtar, N.M., Raja Ali, R.A., Tan, G.C., Wong, Z., Shafiee, N.H., Wong, Y.P., Mustangin, M., and Nawawi, K.N.M. (2021). The Effect of Probiotics (MCP\u00ae BCMC\u00ae Strains) on Hepatic Steatosis, Small Intestinal Mucosal Immune Function, and Intestinal Barrier in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093192"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, P.L., Laight, D., Aspinall, R.J., Higginson, A., and Cummings, M.H. (2021). A randomised placebo controlled trial of VSL#3\u00ae probiotic on biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and liver injury in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-021-01660-5"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001371","article-title":"The promising role of probiotic and synbiotic therapy in aminotransferase levels and inflammatory markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1721-2","article-title":"Histological improvement of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with a prebiotic: A pilot clinical trial","volume":"58","author":"Bomhof","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, C.Y.L., Orr, D., Plank, L.D., Vatanen, T., O\u2019Sullivan, J.M., and Murphy, R. (2020). Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Inulin with Metronidazole in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040937"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amadieu, C., Maccioni, L., Leclercq, S., Neyrinck, A.M., Delzenne, N.M., de Timary, P., and St\u00e4rkel, P. (2022). Liver alterations are not improved by inulin supplementation in alcohol use disorder patients during alcohol withdrawal: A pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. EBioMedicine, 80.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104033"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031","article-title":"Synbiotics Alter Fecal Microbiomes, But Not Liver Fat or Fibrosis, in a Randomized Trial of Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"158","author":"Scorletti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy088","article-title":"Daily Consumption of Synbiotic Yogurt Decreases Liver Steatosis in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"148","author":"Bakhshimoghaddam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15367","article-title":"Effects of probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on metabolic parameters, liver aminotransferases, and systemic inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"85","author":"Behrouz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.06.020","article-title":"The effects of Bacillus coagulans supplementation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"Abhari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.068890","article-title":"Synbiotic supplementation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"99","author":"Eslamparast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju\u00e1rez-Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Porras, D., Petrov, P., Rom\u00e1n-Sag\u00fcillo, S., Garc\u00eda-Mediavilla, M.V., Soluyanova, P., Mart\u00ednez-Fl\u00f3rez, S., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gallego, J., Nistal, E., and Jover, R. (2021). The Synbiotic Combination of Akkermansia muciniphila and Quercetin Ameliorates Early Obesity and NAFLD through Gut Microbiota Reshaping and Bile Acid Metabolism Modulation. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10122001"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/22\/16502\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:25:36Z","timestamp":1760131536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/22\/16502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242216502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242216502","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]]}}}