{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:46:03Z","timestamp":1760132763840,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress and apoptosis are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity-related diseases. This observational study investigates the antioxidant and apoptotic markers response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in a population of overweight children and adolescents, with normal (NGT) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Glucose, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations, as well as oxidative stress (SOD, GPx3) and apoptotic markers (Apo1fas, cck18), were determined at T = 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min after glucose intake during OGTT. The lipid profile, thyroid function, insulin-like growth factor1, leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin were also measured at baseline. The 45 participants, with a mean age of 12.15 (\u00b12.3) years old, were divided into two subcategories: those with NG\u03a4 (n = 31) and those with IGT (n = 14). The area under the curve (AUC) of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide was greater in children with IGT; however, only glucose differences were statistically significant. SOD and GPx3 levels were higher at all time points in the IGT children. Apo1fas and cck18 levels were higher in the NGT children at most time points, whereas Adiponectin was lower in the IGT group. Glucose increased during an OGTT accompanied by a simultaneous increase in antioxidant factors, which may reflect a compensatory mechanism against the impending increase in oxidative stress in children with IGT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T01:54:12Z","timestamp":1700445252000},"page":"16517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Response of Antioxidant Enzymes and Antiapoptotic Markers to an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) in Children and Adolescents with Excess Body Weight"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Maria Efthymia","family":"Katsa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Basic Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, 22100 Tripoli, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7051-7537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirini","family":"Kostopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0536-6397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzortzis","family":"Nomikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1880-7366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Basic Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, 22100 Tripoli, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Sarris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Basic Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, 22100 Tripoli, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5287-7548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon","family":"Papadogiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Basic Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, 22100 Tripoli, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7922-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bessie E.","family":"Spiliotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea Paola","family":"Rojas Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Basic Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, 22100 Tripoli, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00435-4","article-title":"Child and adolescent obesity","volume":"9","author":"Lister","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20230102-06","article-title":"Metabolic Consequences of Pediatric Obesity: A Review of Pathophysiology, Screening, and Treatment","volume":"52","author":"Gunaratne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Ann."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2018.01.012","article-title":"The Effect of Nutrition and Sleep Habits on Predisposition for Metabolic Syndrome in Greek Children","volume":"40","author":"Katsa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1023-3","article-title":"Methods for Measuring Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in Youth: The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1122","article-title":"The Shape of the Glucose Response Curve during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: Forerunner of Heightened Glycemic Failure Rates Accelerated Decline in \u03b2-Cell Function in TODAY","volume":"42","author":"Arslanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v10.i3.29","article-title":"Repetitiveness of the oral glucose tolerance test in children and adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Kostopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1284355","article-title":"Enhanced oxidative stress and platelet activation combined with reduced antioxidant capacity in obese prepubertal and adolescent girls with full or partial metabolic syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Karamouzis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borys, J., Maciejczyk, M., Antonowicz, B., Kr\u0119towski, A., Sidun, J., Domel, E., D\u0105browski, J.R., \u0141adny, J.R., Morawska, K., and Zalewska, A. (2019). Glutathione Metabolism, Mitochondria Activity, and Nitrosative Stress in Patients Treated for Mandible Fractures. J. Clin. Med., 8.","key":"ref_8","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8010127"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.10.016","article-title":"Free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and its classification","volume":"224","author":"Lushchak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1334","article-title":"Oxidative status and serum leptin levels in obese prepubertal children","volume":"25","author":"Ustundag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-017-1169-0","article-title":"Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Obese Children","volume":"54","author":"Chandrasekhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2011-0397","article-title":"Oxidative stress in obese children and its relation with insulin resistance","volume":"25","author":"Ozgen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2005.08.019","article-title":"Contribution of insulin resistance to reduced antioxidant enzymes and vitamins in nonobese Korean children","volume":"365","author":"Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, H.M., Scapozza, L., Ruegg, U.T., and Dorchies, O.M. (2014). Diapocynin, a dimer of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, reduces ROS production and prevents force loss in eccentrically contracting dystrophic muscle. PLoS ONE, 9.","key":"ref_14","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110708"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.09.081","article-title":"Association between oxidative stress and masked hypertension in a multi-ethnic population of obese children and adolescents","volume":"158","author":"Ostrow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm_00000487","article-title":"Oxidative stress parameters in paediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"26","author":"Nobili","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S157348","article-title":"Trace elements and oxidative stress in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Alghobashy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05935-5","article-title":"Vascular nitric oxide resistance in type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Bahadoran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2009.00640.x","article-title":"Relation of circulating oxidized LDL to obesity and insulin resistance in children","volume":"11","author":"Kelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0259","article-title":"Oxidative stress and insulin resistance: The coronary artery risk development in young adults study","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2015.03.013","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress\u2014A concise review","volume":"24","author":"Asmat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201708007","article-title":"Superoxide dismutases: Dual roles in controlling ROS damage and regulating ROS signaling","volume":"217","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1159\/000494295","article-title":"Effects of Weight Loss on Glutathione Peroxidase 3 Serum Concentrations and Adipose Tissue Expression in Human Obesity","volume":"11","author":"Langhardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201302962","article-title":"Fas (CD95) expression in myeloid cells promotes obesity-induced muscle insulin resistance","volume":"1","author":"Wueest","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00566-9","article-title":"Fas cell surface death receptor controls hepatic lipid metabolism by regulating mitochondrial function","volume":"8","author":"Item","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margaryan, S., Witkowicz, A., Arakelyan, A., Partyka, A., Karabon, L., and Manukyan, G. (2018). sFasL-mediated induction of neutrophil activation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS ONE, 13.","key":"ref_26","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201087"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E36","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2488","article-title":"Fas and FasL expression in human adipose tissue is related to obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes","volume":"99","author":"Wueest","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"290","article-title":"Relationships of soluble APO-1 (Fas\/CD95) concentrations, obesity, and serum lipid parameters in healthy adults","volume":"35","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2021-0352","article-title":"Association of the apoptotic marker APO1\/Fas with children\u2019s predisposing factors for metabolic syndrome and with mean platelet volume","volume":"34","author":"Katsa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1080\/07357900600981307","article-title":"Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer could be predictable by measuring a novel serum apoptosis product, caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18: A prospective pilot study","volume":"24","author":"Demiray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2022.11.009","article-title":"Circulating caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 correlates with tumour burden and response to therapy in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis","volume":"538","author":"Bhangu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19283","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25019","article-title":"Circulating tumor cells, tumor-derived extracellular vesicles and plasma cytokeratins in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients","volume":"9","author":"Nanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-021-00274-7","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic impact of cytokeratin 18 expression in human tumors: A tissue microarray study on 11,952 tumors","volume":"27","author":"Menz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.02.004","article-title":"Elevated serum levels of M30 and M65 in patients with locally advanced head and neck tumors","volume":"9","author":"Ozturk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605494","article-title":"Considerations for the use of plasma cytokeratin 18 as a biomarker in pancreatic cancer","volume":"102","author":"Dive","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.03.013","article-title":"Serum M30 levels are associated with survival in advanced gastric carcinoma patients","volume":"10","author":"Yaman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"537","article-title":"Serological markers of enterocyte damage and apoptosis in patients with celiac disease, autoimmune diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus type 2","volume":"64","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"E36","article-title":"Current data in Greek children indicate decreasing trends of obesity in the transition from childhood to adolescence; results from the National Action for Children\u2019s Health (EYZHN) program","volume":"59","author":"Tambalis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3356","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15960","article-title":"Association of lifestyle factors with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Greek children aged 10\u201316 years","volume":"110","author":"Kostopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.26502\/jppch.74050073","article-title":"The Association between Excess Weight and Body Composition Measurements in a Pediatric Population","volume":"5","author":"Kostopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Perinatol. Child. Health"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez, \u00c1., Mill\u00e1n-Mart\u00ednez, M., Dom\u00ednguez-Riscart, J., Mateos, R.M., Lechuga-Sancho, A.M., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez, R. (2022). Altered Metal Homeostasis Associates with Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Impaired Glucose Metabolism, and Dyslipidemia in the Crosstalk between Childhood Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Antioxidants, 11.","key":"ref_41","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122439"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0089-8","article-title":"Regulation of apoptosis in health and disease: The balancing act of BCL-2 family proteins","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S275595","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species: Drivers of Physiological and Pathological Processes","volume":"13","author":"Checa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090813","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2090813","article-title":"Interplay of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Autophagy: Their Role in Tissue Injury of the Heart, Liver, and Kidney","volume":"2018","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2012.09.001","article-title":"Serum levels of glutathione peroxidase 3 in overweight and obese subjects from central Mexico","volume":"43","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7414","article-title":"Cross Talk Between Cellular Redox State and the Antiapoptotic Protein Bcl-2","volume":"29","author":"Pohl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"48","article-title":"Antioxidant parameters in metabolic syndrome\u2014A dynamic evaluation during oral glucose tolerance test","volume":"33","author":"Popova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vutreshni Boles."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"427","article-title":"Impact of glucose excursion and mean glucose concentration in oral glucose-tolerance test on oxidative stress among Japanese Americans","volume":"6","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1742","article-title":"The effect of hyperglycemic peak induced by oral glucose tolerance test on the oxidant and antioxidant levels","volume":"49","author":"Yildirim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac361","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: A European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement","volume":"43","author":"Kronenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-015-0513-1","article-title":"Apolipoprotein A-I: A Molecule of Diverse Function","volume":"31","author":"Mangaraj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-017-0446-1","article-title":"Low apoA-I is associated with insulin resistance in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: A cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2012-0183","article-title":"Protective mechanisms against oxidative stress and angiopathy in young patients with diabetes type 1 (DM1)","volume":"26","author":"Koutroumani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31817e2bfb","article-title":"Cytokeratin 18, a marker of cell death, is increased in children with suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"47","author":"Vos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa027","article-title":"Tissue-Specific Effects of Leptin on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism","volume":"42","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1155\/MI.2005.180","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines and leptin are increased in serum of prepubertal obese children","volume":"2005","author":"Aygun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12964","article-title":"Leptin, adiponectin, and their ratio as markers of insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk in childhood obesity","volume":"21","author":"Lund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuo, H., Shi, Z., Yuan, B., Dai, Y., Wu, G., and Hussain, A. (2013). Association between serum leptin concentrations and insulin resistance: A population-based study from China. PLoS ONE, 8.","key":"ref_58","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054615"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.1.8129","article-title":"Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion","volume":"87","author":"Shiiya","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.8.1714","article-title":"A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans","volume":"50","author":"Cummings","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0684","article-title":"Plasma levels of ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and LEAP2 in children with obesity: Correlation with age and insulin resistance","volume":"182","author":"Fittipaldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"4808","article-title":"Ethnic and Sex Differences in Adiponectin: From Childhood to Adulthood","volume":"12","author":"Kelsey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"unstructured":"(2023, February 25). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Overweight and Obesity 2023, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/obesity\/index.html.","key":"ref_63"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"139","article-title":"Body mass index and prevalence of obesity in subjects of Hellenic origin aged 0\u201318 years, living in the Athens area","volume":"51","author":"Chiotis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Pediatr. Inive Atheniensis"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2010). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 33, S62\u2013S69.","key":"ref_65","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-S062"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.v2i3.100","article-title":"Insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents: HOMA-IR cut-off levels in the prepubertal and pubertal periods","volume":"2","author":"Kendirici","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6719.230","article-title":"Analysis of serial measurements in medical research","volume":"300","author":"Matthews","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"Unit 7.3","article-title":"Analysis of superoxide dismutase activity","volume":"7","author":"McCord","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(81)77046-0","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidase","volume":"77","author":"Wendel","year":"1981","journal-title":"Methods Enzym."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslam, H., Jacka, F., Marx, W., Karatzi, K., Mavrogianni, C., Karaglani, E., Mohebbi, M., Pasco, J., O\u2019neil, A., and Berk, M. (2020). The Associations between Dairy Product Consumption and Biomarkers of Inflammation, Adipocytokines, and Oxidative Stress in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 12.","key":"ref_70","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103055"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/22\/16517\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:25:59Z","timestamp":1760131559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/22\/16517"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242216517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242216517","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]}}}