{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:33:56Z","timestamp":1791293636338,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["860977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["860977"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peritubular capillary rarefaction is a recurrent aspect of progressive nephropathies. We previously found that peritubular capillary density was reduced in BTBR ob\/ob mice with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. In this model, we searched for abnormalities in the ultrastructure of peritubular capillaries, with a specific focus on the endothelial glycocalyx, and evaluated the impact of treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi). Mice were intracardially perfused with lanthanum to visualise the glycocalyx. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed endothelial cell abnormalities and basement membrane thickening in the peritubular capillaries of BTBR ob\/ob mice compared to wild-type mice. Remodelling and focal loss of glycocalyx was observed in lanthanum-stained diabetic kidneys, associated with a reduction in glycocalyx components, including sialic acids, as detected through specific lectins. ACEi treatment preserved the endothelial glycocalyx and attenuated the ultrastructural abnormalities of peritubular capillaries. In diabetic mice, peritubular capillary damage was associated with an enhanced tubular expression of heparanase, which degrades heparan sulfate residues of the glycocalyx. Heparanase was also detected in renal interstitial macrophages that expressed tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1. All these abnormalities were mitigated by ACEi. Our findings suggest that, in experimental diabetic nephropathy, preserving the endothelial glycocalyx is important in order to protect peritubular capillaries from damage and loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T10:32:32Z","timestamp":1700476352000},"page":"16543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Endothelial Glycocalyx of Peritubular Capillaries in Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy: A Target of ACE Inhibitor-Induced Kidney Microvascular Protection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1395-3172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Rottoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1125-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rayan","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2092-7474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Abbate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7907-3047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Corna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9806-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Cerullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7212-2512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Tomasoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6194-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Remuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlamaria","family":"Zoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4721-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariela","family":"Benigni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2208-9646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Macconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kida, Y. (2020). Peritubular Capillary Rarefaction: An Underappreciated Regulator of CKD Progression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218255"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1159\/000174072","article-title":"Significance of Postglomerular Capillaries in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Renal Failure","volume":"19","author":"Bohle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2000.20373","article-title":"Peritubular Capillary Loss Is Associated with Chronic Tubulointerstitial Injury in Human Kidney: Altered Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor","volume":"31","author":"Choi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.183","article-title":"The Role of Capillary Density, Macrophage Infiltration and Interstitial Scarring in the Pathogenesis of Human Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"74","author":"Eardley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/5.10.889","article-title":"Number of Interstitial Capillary Cross-Sections Assessed by Monoclonal Antibodies: Relation to Interstitial Damage","volume":"5","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1383","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00366.2019","article-title":"Capillary Rarefaction Is More Closely Associated with CKD Progression after Cisplatin, Rhabdomyolysis, and Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced AKI than Renal Fibrosis","volume":"317","author":"Menshikh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002414","article-title":"Peritubular Endothelium: The Achilles Heel of the Kidney?","volume":"72","author":"Rabelink","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.07.038","article-title":"Regardless of Etiology, Progressive Renal Disease Causes Ultrastructural and Functional Alterations of Peritubular Capillaries","volume":"91","author":"Klinkhammer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2022.11.003","article-title":"Reduction of Endothelial Glycocalyx on Peritubular Capillaries in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"193","author":"Ermert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-007-0212-8","article-title":"The Endothelial Glycocalyx: Composition, Functions, and Visualization","volume":"454","author":"Reitsma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766689","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.766689","article-title":"The Glomerular Endothelium Restricts Albumin Filtration","volume":"8","author":"Ballermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2018.01.026","article-title":"Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Glycocalyx\u2014A Vicious Circle","volume":"71\u201372","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matrix Biol. J. Int. Soc. Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2019.07.021","article-title":"Nanomechanics of the Endothelial Glycocalyx: From Structure to Function","volume":"190","author":"Cosgun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F308","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00421.2011","article-title":"Microvascular Disease Precedes the Decline in Renal Function in the Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat","volume":"302","author":"Flynn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.04.024","article-title":"Addition of Cyclic Angiotensin-(1-7) to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Therapy Has a Positive Add-on Effect in Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"96","author":"Cassis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006121304","article-title":"Interstitial Vascular Rarefaction and Reduced VEGF-A Expression in Human Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"18","author":"Lindenmeyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.7.791","article-title":"Role of Postglomerular Microvessels in Pathophysiology of Diabetic Nephropathy. Assessment and Hypothesis","volume":"40","author":"Pinter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009121290","article-title":"BTBR Ob\/Ob Mutant Mice Model Progressive Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"21","author":"Hudkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5862","article-title":"Empagliflozin Protects Glomerular Endothelial Cell Architecture in Experimental Diabetes through the VEGF-A\/Caveolin-1\/PV-1 Signaling Pathway","volume":"256","author":"Locatelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-014-1301-3","article-title":"Use of Labeled Tomato Lectin for Imaging Vasculature Structures","volume":"143","author":"Robertson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.1c00689","article-title":"A Useful Guide to Lectin Binding: Machine-Learning Directed Annotation of 57 Unique Lectin Specificities","volume":"17","author":"Bojar","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1987.8","article-title":"The Anionic Sites at Luminal Surface of Peritubular Capillaries in Rats","volume":"31","author":"Koshy","year":"1987","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34521-1_3","article-title":"Heparanase: Historical Aspects and Future Perspectives","volume":"1221","author":"Khanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"139","article-title":"Inflammation and the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"124","author":"Wada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. Lond. Engl. 1979"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00367.x","article-title":"Macrophages in Mouse Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy: Correlation with Diabetic State and Progressive Renal Injury","volume":"65","author":"Chow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V11147","article-title":"Peritubular Capillary Injury during the Progression of Experimental Glomerulonephritis in Rats","volume":"11","author":"Ohashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016030297","article-title":"Gli1+ Pericyte Loss Induces Capillary Rarefaction and Proximal Tubular Injury","volume":"28","author":"Kramann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/01913120500323282","article-title":"Peritubular Capillary Changes in Alport Syndrome, Diabetic Glomerulopathy, Balkan Endemic Nephropathy and Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Hvala","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ultrastruct. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1996.1987","article-title":"Electron Microscopic Demonstrations of Filamentous Molecular Sieve Plugs in Capillary Fenestrae","volume":"53","author":"Rostgaard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwaa008","article-title":"The Manifold Roles of Sialic Acid for the Biological Functions of Endothelial Glycoproteins","volume":"30","author":"Frey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.082271","article-title":"Relative Contribution of PECAM-1 Adhesion and Signaling to the Maintenance of Vascular Integrity","volume":"124","author":"Privratsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6515","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.073106","article-title":"Alpha2,6-Sialic Acid on Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (PECAM) Regulates Its Homophilic Interactions and Downstream Antiapoptotic Signaling","volume":"285","author":"Kitazume","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwu094","article-title":"Sweet Role of Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule in Understanding Angiogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Kitazume","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9121","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.555888","article-title":"NEU1 Sialidase Regulates the Sialylation State of CD31 and Disrupts CD31-Driven Capillary-like Tube Formation in Human Lung Microvascular Endothelia","volume":"289","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5015","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274167","article-title":"Sialic Acids Regulate Microvessel Permeability, Revealed by Novel in Vivo Studies of Endothelial Glycocalyx Structure and Function","volume":"595","author":"Betteridge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106501","article-title":"Postglomerular Vascular Protein Concentration: Evidence for a Causal Role in Governing Fluid Reabsorption and Glomerulotublar Balance by the Renal Proximal Tubule","volume":"50","author":"Brenner","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015091070","article-title":"Endothelin-1 Induces Proteinuria by Heparanase-Mediated Disruption of the Glomerular Glycocalyx","volume":"27","author":"Garsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1413","article-title":"Atrasentan Reduces Albuminuria by Restoring the Glomerular Endothelial Glycocalyx Barrier in Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"65","author":"Boels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001985","article-title":"Increased Expression of Heparanase in Overt Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"70","author":"Rops","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.7.2172","article-title":"Heparanase-1 Gene Expression and Regulation by High Glucose in Renal Epithelial Cells: A Potential Role in the Pathogenesis of Proteinuria in Diabetic Patients","volume":"54","author":"Maxhimer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.05.004","article-title":"Regulation of Heparanase by Albumin and Advanced Glycation End Products in Proximal Tubular Cells","volume":"1813","author":"Masola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI43792","article-title":"Heparanase Powers a Chronic Inflammatory Circuit That Promotes Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis in Mice","volume":"121","author":"Lerner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0001","article-title":"Role of Heparanase-Driven Inflammatory Cascade in Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"63","author":"Goldberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-12-37","article-title":"Heparanase Induced by Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) Promotes Macrophage Migration Involving RAGE and PI3K\/AKT Pathway","volume":"12","author":"Qin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.12.016","article-title":"Heparanase-Driven Inflammation from the AGEs-Stimulated Macrophages Changes the Functions of Glomerular Endothelial Cells","volume":"124","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.250","article-title":"Relevance of TNF-\u03b1 in the Context of Other Inflammatory Cytokines in the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"88","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz137","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Blockade Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"628289","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokines in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Pathophysiologic and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"7","author":"Ferri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4686","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-252221","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinase 9-Mediated Shedding of Syndecan 4 in Response to Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1: A Contributor to Endothelial Cell Glycocalyx Dysfunction","volume":"28","author":"Ramnath","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-008-0749-5","article-title":"TNF-Alpha Induced Shedding of the Endothelial Glycocalyx Is Prevented by Hydrocortisone and Antithrombin","volume":"104","author":"Chappell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.03.024","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibition Protects against Endotoxin-Induced Endothelial Glycocalyx Perturbation","volume":"202","author":"Nieuwdorp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2815","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.279.6.H2815","article-title":"TNF-Alpha Increases Entry of Macromolecules into Luminal Endothelial Cell Glycocalyx","volume":"279","author":"Henry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2005.06.033","article-title":"TNF-Alpha and IL-1beta Increase Pericyte\/Endothelial Cell Co-Culture Permeability","volume":"132","author":"Kerkar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1810-0","article-title":"Deterioration of Glomerular Endothelial Surface Layer Induced by Oxidative Stress Is Implicated in Altered Permeability of Macromolecules in Zucker Fatty Rats","volume":"53","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006020184","article-title":"Induction of Glomerular Heparanase Expression in Rats with Adriamycin Nephropathy Is Regulated by Reactive Oxygen Species and the Renin-Angiotensin System","volume":"17","author":"Kramer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp182","article-title":"Regulation of Glomerular Heparanase Expression by Aldosterone, Angiotensin II and Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"24","author":"Waanders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-016-1843-4","article-title":"Iohexol Plasma Clearance, a Simple and Reliable Method to Measure Renal Function in Conscious Mice","volume":"468","author":"Carrara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1841-8","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Ultrastructure of Capillary Endothelial Glycocalyx under Normal and Experimental Endotoxemic Conditions","volume":"21","author":"Okada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care Lond. Engl."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/22\/16543\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:26:27Z","timestamp":1760131587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/22\/16543"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242216543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242216543","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]}}}