{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:37:32Z","timestamp":1790199452159,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation and inflammasomes have been proposed as important regulators of the host\u2013microorganism interaction, playing a key role in morbidity and mortality due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in subjects with chronic conditions and compromised immune system. The inflammasome consists of a multiprotein complex that finely regulates the activation of caspase-1 and the production and secretion of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18. The pyrin containing NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain) like receptor (NLRP) is a family of intracellular receptors, sensing patterns associated to pathogens or danger signals and NLRP3 inflammasome is the most deeply analyzed for its involvement in the innate and adaptive immune system as well as its contribution to several autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. It is highly expressed in leukocytes and up-regulated in sentinel cells upon inflammatory stimuli. NLRP3 expression has also been reported in B and T lymphocytes, in epithelial cells of oral and genital mucosa, in specific parenchymal cells as cardiomyocytes, and keratinocytes, and chondrocytes. It is well known that a dysregulated activation of the inflammasome is involved in the pathogenesis of different disorders that share the common red line of inflammation in their pathogenetic fingerprint. Here, we review the potential roles of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiovascular events, liver damage, pulmonary diseases, and in that wide range of systemic inflammatory syndromes named as a cytokine storm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T01:48:45Z","timestamp":1700531325000},"page":"16556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["NLRP3 Inflammasome Involvement in Heart, Liver, and Lung Diseases\u2014A Lesson from Cytokine Storm Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8720-6284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Napodano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, S. Agostino Estense Hospital, 41126 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Carnazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, AUSL Latina, 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9716-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Unit and Cancer Biobank, Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2456-5308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krizia","family":"Pocino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Patologia Clinica, Ospedale Generale di Zona San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9730-5836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annunziata","family":"Stefanile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Patologia Clinica, Ospedale Generale di Zona San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4737-8003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Gallucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8568-0866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Natali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL\/AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8328-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, AUSL Latina, 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9155-6378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariapaola","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Sezione di Patologia Generale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. 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