{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:48:46Z","timestamp":1787028526157,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Semmelweis Science and Innovation Fund","award":["STIA-OTKA-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STIA-OTKA-2021"]}]},{"name":"Semmelweis Science and Innovation Fund","award":["NKFIH K139231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH K139231"]}]},{"name":"Semmelweis Science and Innovation Fund","award":["NKFIH-FK129206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH-FK129206"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Hypertension Society","award":["STIA-OTKA-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STIA-OTKA-2021"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Hypertension Society","award":["NKFIH K139231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH K139231"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Hypertension Society","award":["NKFIH-FK129206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH-FK129206"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Grant","award":["STIA-OTKA-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STIA-OTKA-2021"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Grant","award":["NKFIH K139231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH K139231"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Grant","award":["NKFIH-FK129206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH-FK129206"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences","award":["STIA-OTKA-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STIA-OTKA-2021"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences","award":["NKFIH K139231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH K139231"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences","award":["NKFIH-FK129206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH-FK129206"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The negative cardiovascular effects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and vitamin D deficiency (VDD) have been discussed previously; however, the sex differences between PCOS females and males are not yet known. Our aim was to investigate the effect of PCOS and VDD in the carotid artery of male and female Wistar rats. Females were treated with transdermal testosterone (Androgel) for 8 weeks, which caused PCOS. VDD and vitamin D supplementation were accomplished via diet. The carotid arteries\u2019 contraction and relaxation were examined using myography. Receptor density was investigated using immunohistochemistry. In PCOS females, angiotensin receptor density, angiotensin II-induced contraction, androgen receptor optical density, and testosterone-induced relaxation increased. The increased contractile response may increase cardiovascular vulnerability in women with PCOS. As an effect of VDD, estrogen receptor density increased in all our groups, which probably compensated for the reduced relaxation caused by VDD. Testosterone-induced relaxation was decreased as a result of VDD in males and non-PCOS females, whereas this reduction was absent in PCOS females. Male sex is associated with increased contraction ability compared with non-PCOS and PCOS females. VDD and Androgel treatment show significant gender differences in their effects on carotid artery reactivity. Both VDD and PCOS result in a dysfunctional vascular response, which can contribute to cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T10:24:13Z","timestamp":1700562253000},"page":"16577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of Gender and Vitamin D on Vascular Reactivity of the Carotid Artery on a Testosterone-Induced PCOS Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Anita","family":"S\u00fcli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Magyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rton","family":"Vez\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5531-0661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1lint","family":"B\u00e1nyai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6967-1158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Szekeres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0827-6689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"Sipos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1t\u00e9","family":"M\u00e1trai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judit R\u00e9ka","family":"Hetth\u00e9ssy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Workgroup of Research Management, Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"D\u00f6rnyei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00e1ndor","family":"\u00c1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eszter M\u00e1ria","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2057-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gy\u00f6rgy L.","family":"N\u00e1dasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szabolcs","family":"V\u00e1rb\u00edr\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Workgroup of Research Management, Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2832-0626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Workgroup of Research Management, Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.09.024","article-title":"Estrogen, vascular estrogen receptor and hormone therapy in postmenopausal vascular disease","volume":"86","author":"Khalil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H395","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00430.2018","article-title":"Aging women and their endothelium: Probing the relative role of estrogen on vasodilator function","volume":"317","author":"Somani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botelho, J., Machado, V., Proen\u00e7a, L., Delgado, A.S., and Mendes, J.J. (2020). Vitamin D Deficiency and Oral Health: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051471"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.12.025","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular health","volume":"40","author":"Vallecillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latic, N., and Erben, R.G. (2020). Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease, with Emphasis on Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, and Heart Failure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186483"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martyniak, A., and Tomasik, P.J. (2022). A New Perspective on the Renin-Angiotensin System. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13010016"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2015.08.009","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and essential hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2022.11243","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor deficiency increases systolic blood pressure by upregulating the renin-angiotensin system and autophagy","volume":"23","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, N.S., Wehland, M., Wise, P.M., and Grimm, D. (2023). Latest Knowledge on the Role of Vitamin D in Hypertension. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054679"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.H., Meza, C.A., Clarke, H., Kim, J.S., and Hickner, R.C. (2020). Vitamin D and Endothelial Function. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020575"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592688","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.592688","article-title":"The Relationship Between Reactive Oxygen Species and Endothelial Cell Metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Alhayaza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"49","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on TNF-\u03b1 serum level and disease activity index in Iranian IBD patients","volume":"8","author":"Dadaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2020.04.006","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and endothelial dysfunction: A potential role for soluble lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1","volume":"20","author":"Oncul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519864493","article-title":"Nitric oxide (NO) levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.03.014","article-title":"Heart health in polycystic ovary syndrome: Time to act on the data","volume":"117","author":"Dokras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.A., Perrelli, A., Ragni, A., Retta, F., De Silva, T.M., Sobey, C.G., and Retta, S.F. (2020). Vitamin D Deficiency and the Risk of Cerebrovascular Disease. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9040327"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.05.045","article-title":"Age and Gender Differences in the Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Stroke in the General US Population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001\u20132006","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"351","article-title":"The relationship of vitamin D deficiency with severity and outcome of acute stroke","volume":"59","author":"Rad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rom. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2020.100853","article-title":"Gonadal hormones and stroke risk: PCOS as a case study","volume":"58","author":"Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13121","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency predicts poor outcome amongst acute ischaemic stroke patients with low high density lipoprotein cholesterol","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18793324","article-title":"Sex differences in stroke: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"38","author":"Bushnell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70193-5","article-title":"Sex differences in stroke: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, medical care, and outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Reeves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00465","article-title":"Age and Sex Are Critical Factors in Ischemic Stroke Pathology","volume":"159","author":"McCullough","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e1rb\u00edr\u00f3, S., Tak\u00e1cs, I., T\u0171\u0171, L., Nas, K., Sziva, R.E., Hetth\u00e9ssy, J.R., and T\u00f6r\u00f6k, M. (2022). Effects of Vitamin D on Fertility, Pregnancy and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-A Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081649"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarszab\u00f3, R., B\u00e1nyai, B., Ruisanchez, \u00c9., P\u00e9terffy, B., Kors\u00f3s-Nov\u00e1k, \u00c1., Lajtai, K., Sziva, R.E., Gerszi, D., Hossz\u00fa, \u00c1., and Benk\u0151, R. (2021). Influence of Vitamin D on the Vasoactive Effect of Estradiol in a Rat Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179404"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/iox043","article-title":"Hyperandrogenemia reduces endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated relaxation in mesenteric artery of female rats","volume":"96","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8865979","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8865979","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Status on Vascular Function of the Aorta in a Rat Model of PCOS","volume":"2021","author":"Lajtai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164118758580","article-title":"Insulin resistance in an animal model of polycystic ovary disease is aggravated by vitamin D deficiency: Vascular consequences","volume":"15","author":"Hadjadj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03283","article-title":"Elevated testosterone levels during rat pregnancy cause hypersensitivity to angiotensin II and attenuation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in uterine arteries","volume":"64","author":"Chinnathambi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2010.00854.x","article-title":"Gender and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system","volume":"24","author":"Komukai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1569","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00396.2018","article-title":"Sex differences in endothelial function important to vascular health and overall cardiovascular disease risk across the lifespan","volume":"315","author":"Stanhewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.19.5.456","article-title":"Androgen-dependent angiotensinogen and renin messenger RNA expression in hypertensive rats","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmr001","article-title":"PCOS, coronary heart disease, stroke and the influence of obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Dekkers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"55","article-title":"Hypertension in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Novel Insights","volume":"16","author":"Macut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2006.03.029","article-title":"Androgen and estrogen receptors and co-regulators levels in endometria from patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome with and without endometrial hyperplasia","volume":"103","author":"Villavicencio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3803","article-title":"Endometrial Expression of Estrogen Receptors and the Androgen Receptor in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Lifestyle Intervention Study","volume":"101","author":"Hulchiy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827032","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.827032","article-title":"Estrogen Biosynthesis and Signal Transduction in Ovarian Disease","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2007.09.023","article-title":"Effects of intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone on vaginal histomorphology, sex steroid receptor expression and cell proliferation in the rat","volume":"109","author":"Berger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.08.033","article-title":"Testosterone treatment increases androgen receptor and aromatase gene expression in myotubes from patients with PCOS and controls, but does not induce insulin resistance","volume":"451","author":"Eriksen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e318148bb99","article-title":"Effects of testosterone and estrogen treatment on the distribution of sex hormone receptors in the endometrium of postmenopausal women","volume":"15","author":"Zang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/ijir.2012.25","article-title":"Androgen receptor expression in the human vagina under different physiological and treatment conditions","volume":"25","author":"Baldassarre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Impot. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(13)71023-5","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D3 derivative--calcitriol on pharmacological reactivity of aortic rings in a rodent PCOS model","volume":"65","author":"Masszi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2741\/S362","article-title":"Protective cardiovascular and renal actions of vitamin D and estrogen","volume":"5","author":"Gangula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2016.06.067","article-title":"Vitamin D controls resistance artery function through regulation of perivascular adipose tissue hypoxia and inflammation","volume":"98","author":"Pelham","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sipos, M., Peterffy, B., Sziva, R.E., Magyar, P., Hadjadj, L., Banyai, B., Suli, A., Soltesz-Katona, E., Gerszi, D., and Kiss, J. (2021). Vitamin D Deficiency Cause Gender Specific Alterations of Renal Arterial Function in a Rodent Model. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020704"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002231","article-title":"Vitamin D and blood pressure control among hypertensive adults: Results from NHANES 2001\u20132014","volume":"38","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hypertens"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e1l, \u00c9., Ungv\u00e1ri, Z., Beny\u00f3, Z., and V\u00e1rb\u00edr\u00f3, S. (2023). Role of Vitamin D Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020334"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crescioli, C. (2021). The Role of Estrogens and Vitamin D in Cardiomyocyte Protection: A Female Perspective. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121815"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb43010007","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency Reduces Vascular Reactivity of Coronary Arterioles in Male Rats","volume":"43","author":"Sziva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43308-1","article-title":"Vitamin D3 constrains estrogen\u2019s effects and influences mammary epithelial organization in 3D cultures","volume":"9","author":"Hasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2012.06.005","article-title":"The potential therapeutic benefits of vitamin D in the treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer","volume":"77","author":"Krishnan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masszi, G., Horvath, E.M., Tarszabo, R., Benko, R., Novak, A., Buday, A., Tokes, A.M., Nadasy, G.L., Hamar, P., and Benyo, Z. (2013). Reduced estradiol-induced vasodilation and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity in the aortas of rats with experimental polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055589"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01095.2005","article-title":"Influence of sex steroid hormones on cerebrovascular function","volume":"101","author":"Krause","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.09.024","article-title":"Androgens and hirsutism score of overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome improved after vitamin D treatment: A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial","volume":"40","author":"Zayed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e1l, \u00c9., Hadjadj, L., Font\u00e1nyi, Z., Monori-Kiss, A., Mezei, Z., Lippai, N., Magyar, A., Heinzlmann, A., Karvaly, G., and Monos, E. (2018). Vitamin D deficiency causes inward hypertrophic remodeling and alters vascular reactivity of rat cerebral arterioles. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192480"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.05.003","article-title":"Endothelial relaxation mechanisms and nitrative stress are partly restored by Vitamin D3 therapy in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Masszi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.09.024","article-title":"Altered insulin-induced relaxation of aortic rings in a dihydrotestosterone-induced rodent model of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Masszi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.11.015","article-title":"Arteriolar insulin resistance in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"97","author":"Sara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H848","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01024.2013","article-title":"Lower-limb veins are thicker and vascular reactivity is decreased in a rat PCOS model: Concomitant vitamin D3 treatment partially prevents these changes","volume":"307","author":"Antal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sipos, M., Gerszi, D., Dalloul, H., B\u00e1nyai, B., Sziva, R.E., Kollarics, R., Magyar, P., T\u00f6r\u00f6k, M., \u00c1cs, N., and Szekeres, M. (2021). Vitamin D Deficiency and Gender Alter Vasoconstrictor and Vasodilator Reactivity in Rat Carotid Artery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158029"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00720-2","article-title":"Sex differences in cardiovascular actions of the renin-angiotensin system","volume":"30","author":"Medina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Atucha, A., Izagirre, A., Fraile-Berm\u00fadez, A.B., Kortajarena, M., Larrinaga, G., Martinez-Lage, P., Echevarr\u00eda, E., and Gil, J. (2017). Sex differences in the aging pattern of renin-angiotensin system serum peptidases. Biol. Sex Differ., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-017-0128-8"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.531707","article-title":"Gender influences cerebral vascular responses to angiotensin II through Nox2-derived reactive oxygen species","volume":"40","author":"Broughton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600204","article-title":"Cerebral vascular effects of angiotensin II: New insights from genetic models","volume":"26","author":"Faraci","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2004000400014","article-title":"Endothelial mediators of 17 beta-estradiol-induced coronary vasodilation in the isolated rat heart","volume":"37","author":"Santos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, R.L., Lima, J.T., Rouver, W.N., and Moys\u00e9s, M.R. (2016). Deficiency of sex hormones does not affect 17-\u00df-estradiol-induced coronary vasodilation in the isolated rat heart. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 49.","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20165058"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"343","article-title":"The effects of testosterone on isolated sheep coronary artery","volume":"11","author":"Erol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anadolu Kardiyol. Derg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal, E., Hadjadj, L., Fontanyi, Z., Monori-Kiss, A., Lippai, N., Horvath, E.M., Magyar, A., Horvath, E., Monos, E., and Nadasy, G.L. (2019). Gender, hyperandrogenism and vitamin D deficiency related functional and morphological alterations of rat cerebral arteries. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216951"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/23\/16577\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:26:26Z","timestamp":1760131586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/23\/16577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242316577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242316577","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]}}}