{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:43:33Z","timestamp":1790765013417,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program and I-Site ULNE under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement","award":["847568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847568"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program and I-Site ULNE under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement","award":["AP09 REACT-EU 22003058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP09 REACT-EU 22003058"]}]},{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS: COVID and ViroCrib programs), FEDER-FSE Hauts-de-France region","award":["847568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847568"]}]},{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS: COVID and ViroCrib programs), FEDER-FSE Hauts-de-France region","award":["AP09 REACT-EU 22003058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP09 REACT-EU 22003058"]}]},{"name":"CPER BiHauts Eco de France","award":["847568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847568"]}]},{"name":"CPER BiHauts Eco de France","award":["AP09 REACT-EU 22003058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP09 REACT-EU 22003058"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The limited availability of antiviral therapy for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spurred the search for novel antiviral drugs. Here, we investigated the potential antiviral properties of plants adapted to high-salt environments collected in the north of France. Twenty-five crude methanolic extracts obtained from twenty-two plant species were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and antiviral effectiveness against coronaviruses HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2. Then, a bioguided fractionation approach was employed. The most active crude methanolic extracts were partitioned into three different sub-extracts. Notably, the dichloromethane sub-extract of the whole plant Hippophae rhamnoides L. demonstrated the highest antiviral activity against both viruses. Its chemical composition was evaluated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and then it was fractionated by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). Six cinnamoyl triterpenoid compounds were isolated from the three most active fractions by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by high resolution MS (HR-MS) and mono- and bi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Specifically, these compounds were identified as 2-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-maslinic acid, 3\u03b2-hydroxy-2\u03b1-trans-p-coumaryloxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3\u03b2-hydroxy-2\u03b1-cis-p-coumaryloxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-O-trans-caffeoyl oleanolic acid, a mixture of 3-O-trans-caffeoyl oleanolic acid\/3-O-cis-caffeoyl oleanolic acid (70\/30), and 3-O-trans-p-coumaroyl oleanolic acid. Infection tests demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of these triterpenes against HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2. Notably, cinnamoyl oleanolic acids displayed activity against both SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E. Our findings suggest that Hippophae rhamnoides could represent a source of potential antiviral agents against coronaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T08:47:43Z","timestamp":1700642863000},"page":"16617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Discovery of Anti-Coronavirus Cinnamoyl Triterpenoids Isolated from Hippophae rhamnoides during a Screening of Halophytes from the North Sea and Channel Coasts in Northern France"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8801-5228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malak","family":"Al Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019\u2014UMR9017\u2014Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"BioEcoAgro, Joint Research Unit 1158, University of Lille, INRAE, University of. Li\u00e8ge, UPJV, YNCREA, University of Artois, University Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, ICV\u2014Institut Charles Viollette, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6339-2660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachee Louis Evariste","family":"Akissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioEcoAgro, Joint Research Unit 1158, University of Lille, INRAE, University of. Li\u00e8ge, UPJV, YNCREA, University of Artois, University Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, ICV\u2014Institut Charles Viollette, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lowiese","family":"Desmarets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019\u2014UMR9017\u2014Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Lef\u00e8vre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioEcoAgro, Joint Research Unit 1158, University of Lille, INRAE, University of. Li\u00e8ge, UPJV, YNCREA, University of Artois, University Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, ICV\u2014Institut Charles Viollette, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Samaillie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioEcoAgro, Joint Research Unit 1158, University of Lille, INRAE, University of. Li\u00e8ge, UPJV, YNCREA, University of Artois, University Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, ICV\u2014Institut Charles Viollette, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imelda","family":"Raczkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019\u2014UMR9017\u2014Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4006-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sevser","family":"Sahpaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioEcoAgro, Joint Research Unit 1158, University of Lille, INRAE, University of. Li\u00e8ge, UPJV, YNCREA, University of Artois, University Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, ICV\u2014Institut Charles Viollette, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1626-7693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Dubuisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019\u2014UMR9017\u2014Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Belouzard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019\u2014UMR9017\u2014Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8618-5530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Rivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioEcoAgro, Joint Research Unit 1158, University of Lille, INRAE, University of. Li\u00e8ge, UPJV, YNCREA, University of Artois, University Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, ICV\u2014Institut Charles Viollette, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9667-133X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"S\u00e9ron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019\u2014UMR9017\u2014Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2282","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2282","article-title":"An overview on the seven pathogenic human coronaviruses","volume":"32","author":"Kesheh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Med. 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