{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:32:51Z","timestamp":1790181171479,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","award":["2023R1A2C1003481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R1A2C1003481"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","award":["2023R1A2C1003481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R1A2C1003481"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","award":["HF21C0093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HF21C0093"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["2023R1A2C1003481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R1A2C1003481"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["2023R1A2C1003481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R1A2C1003481"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["HF21C0093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HF21C0093"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["2023R1A2C1003481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R1A2C1003481"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["2023R1A2C1003481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R1A2C1003481"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HF21C0093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HF21C0093"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gintonin, newly extracted from ginseng, is a glycoprotein that acts as an exogenous lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand. This study aimed to demonstrate the in vivo preventive effects of gintonin on gastric damage. ICR mice were randomly assigned to five groups: a normal group (received saline, 0.1 mL\/10 g, p.o.); a control group (administered 0.3 M HCl\/ethanol, 0.1 mL\/10 g, p.o.) or indomethacin (30 mg\/kg, p.o.); gintonin at two different doses (50 mg\/kg or 100 mg\/kg, p.o.) with either 0.3 M HCl\/ethanol or indomethacin; and a positive control (Ranitidine, 40 mg\/kg, p.o.). After gastric ulcer induction, the gastric tissue was examined to calculate the ulcer index. The expression of gastric damage markers, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and LPA2 and LPA5 receptors, were measured by Western blotting. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1), Evans blue, and occludin levels in gastric tissues were measured using immunofluorescence analysis. Both HCl\/ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers showed increased TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, Evans blue permeation, and PECAM-1, and decreased COX-2, PGE2, occludin, and LPA5 receptor expression levels. However, oral administration of gintonin alleviated the gastric ulcer index induced by HCl\/ethanol and indomethacin in a dose-dependent manner. Gintonin suppressed TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 expression, but increased COX-2 expression and PGE2 levels in mouse gastric tissues. Gintonin intake also increased LPA5 receptor expression in mouse gastric tissues. These results indicate that gintonin can play a role in gastric protection against gastric damage induced by HCl\/ethanol or indomethacin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T10:10:39Z","timestamp":1700820639000},"page":"16721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Gintonin Alleviates HCl\/Ethanol- and Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Han-Sung","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Woo","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5751-7014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Hun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0179-7563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Sik","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0420-795X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyoung-Chun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-City 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Hye","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, College of Health and Medical Services, Osan University, Osan-si 18119, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1036-0494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ik-Hyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9697-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Yeol","family":"Nah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528809096277","article-title":"Gastric mucosal defense mechanisms: A brief review","volume":"155","author":"Forssell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scand. 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