{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:31:05Z","timestamp":1788892265647,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n en Atenci\u00f3n Primaria de Adicciones","award":["RD21\/0009\/0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0009\/0008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Suicide is a serious global public health problem, with a worrying recent increase in suicide rates in both adolescent and adult populations. However, it is essential to recognize that suicide is preventable. A myriad of factors contributes to an individual\u2019s vulnerability to suicide. These factors include various potential causes, from psychiatric disorders to genetic and epigenetic alterations. These changes can induce dysfunctions in crucial systems such as the serotonergic, cannabinoid, and hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axes. In addition, early life experiences of abuse can profoundly impact an individual\u2019s ability to cope with stress, ultimately leading to changes in the inflammatory system, which is a significant risk factor for suicidal behavior. Thus, it is clear that suicidal behavior may result from a confluence of multiple factors. This review examines the primary risk factors associated with suicidal behavior, including psychiatric disorders, early life adversities, and epigenetic modifications. Our goal is to elucidate the molecular changes at the genetic, epigenetic, and molecular levels in the brains of individuals who have taken their own lives and in the plasma and peripheral mononuclear cells of suicide attempters and how these changes may serve as predisposing factors for suicidal tendencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T10:10:39Z","timestamp":1700820639000},"page":"16726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Molecular Changes Associated with Suicide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3910-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez-CSIC, Avda de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigaci\u00f3n en Atenci\u00f3n Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Mar\u00edn-Mayor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9646-9975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ani","family":"Gasparyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez-CSIC, Avda de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigaci\u00f3n en Atenci\u00f3n Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6106-6247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Salud","family":"Garc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez-CSIC, Avda de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigaci\u00f3n en Atenci\u00f3n Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1171-1508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigaci\u00f3n en Atenci\u00f3n Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4681-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Manzanares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez-CSIC, Avda de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Investigaci\u00f3n en Atenci\u00f3n Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021). 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