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However, there are no successful treatments to improve quality of life and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and limb events in these patients. Advanced regenerative therapies have focused their interest on the generation of new blood vessels to repair tissue damage through the use of stem cells. One of the most promising sources of stem cells with high potential in cell-based therapy is adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). ASCs are adult mesenchymal stem cells that are relatively abundant and ubiquitous and are characterized by a multilineage capacity and low immunogenicity. The proangiogenic benefits of ASCs may be ascribed to: (a) paracrine secretion of proangiogenic molecules that may stimulate angiogenesis; (b) secretion of microvesicles\/exosomes that are also considered as a novel therapeutic prospect for treating ischemic diseases; and (c) their differentiation capability toward endothelial cells (ECs). Although we know the proangiogenic effects of ASCs, the therapeutic efficacy of ASCs after transplantation in peripheral artery diseases patients is still relatively low. In this review, we evidence the potential therapeutic use of ASCs in ischemic regenerative medicine. We also highlight the main challenges in the differentiation of these cells into functional ECs. However, significant efforts are still needed to ascertain relevant transcription factors, intracellular signaling and interlinking pathways in endothelial differentiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:32:03Z","timestamp":1701055923000},"page":"16752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Adipose-Derived Stem Cells to Treat Ischemic Diseases: The Case of Peripheral Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Gemma","family":"Arderiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca de l\u2019Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber CV, Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5804-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Civit-Urgell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca de l\u2019Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Facultat de Medicina i Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut\u2014Campus Cl\u00ednic, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9162-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Badimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca de l\u2019Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber CV, Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2022.12.015","article-title":"The Global Burden of Peripheral Artery Disease","volume":"77","author":"Eid","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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