{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:07:43Z","timestamp":1790348863749,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]],"date-time":"2023-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2021-1356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-1356"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune responses to tissue-engineered grafts made of xenogeneic materials remain poorly studied. The scope of current investigations is limited by the lack of information on orthotopically implanted grafts. A deeper understanding of these processes is of great importance since innovative surgical approaches include the implantation of xenogeneic decellularized scaffolds seeded by cells. The purpose of our work is to study the immunological features of tracheal repair during the implantation of tissue-engineered constructs based on human xenogeneic scaffolds modified via laser radiation in rabbits. The samples were stained with hematoxylin and Safranin O, and they were immunostained with antibodies against tryptase, collagen II, vimentin, and CD34. Immunological and inflammatory responses were studied by counting immune cells and evaluating blood vessels and collagen. Leukocyte-based inflammation prevailed during the implantation of decellularized unseeded scaffolds; meanwhile, plasma cells were significantly more abundant in tissue-engineered constructs. Mast cells were insignificantly more abundant in tissue-engineered construct samples. Conclusions: The seeding of decellularized xenogeneic cartilage with chondrocytes resulted in a change in immunological reactions upon implantation, and it was associated with plasma cell infiltration. Tissue-engineered grafts widely differed in design, including the type of used cells. The question of immunological response depending on the tissue-engineered graft composition requires further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:32:03Z","timestamp":1701055923000},"page":"16783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Post-Implantation Inflammatory Responses to Xenogeneic Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Implanted in Rabbit Trachea: The Role of Cultured Chondrocytes in the Modification of Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2888-7999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilya","family":"Klabukov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva St. 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Urology and Operative Nephrology, Patrice Lumumba Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 249031 Obninsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8347-4556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitri","family":"Atiakshin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Educational Resource Center for Innovative Technologies of Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis, Patrice Lumumba Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgenia","family":"Kogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strukov Department of Pathological Anatomy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ignatyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Educational Resource Center for Innovative Technologies of Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis, Patrice Lumumba Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3574-4013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Krasheninnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Operative Nephrology, Patrice Lumumba Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nickolay","family":"Zharkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strukov Department of Pathological Anatomy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7834-6533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Yakimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva St. 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vyacheslav","family":"Grinevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva St. 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Pryanikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Child Clinical Hospital, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 119571 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Parshin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Center of Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1471-8905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Sosin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey A.","family":"Kostin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Operative Nephrology, Patrice Lumumba Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Shegay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva St. 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey D.","family":"Kaprin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva St. 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Urology and Operative Nephrology, Patrice Lumumba Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Baranovskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva St. 4, 249036 Obninsk, 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