{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:01:41Z","timestamp":1772150501062,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Echocardiographic detection of residual peri-device leakage (PDL) after percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is crucial for managing anticoagulation. Galectin-3, a protein involved in tissue\u2013foreign body interactions, may hold significance in understanding PDL and cardiac tissue remodeling after LAAO. This study aimed to analyze galectin-3 serum levels in relation to PDL using a novel echo-morphological classification. LAAO eligible patients were included in the study. Galectin-3 serum levels were measured before LAAO, at 45 days (45D), and at 6 months (6M) after the procedure. Transesophageal echocardiography was used to assess LAAO success. A new echo-morphological classification categorized the degree of LAAO into three different types (A: homogenous echodensity, indicating completely thrombosed device; B: inhomogeneous echolucencies (&lt;50% of device); and C: partially thrombosed device with echolucencies &gt; 50%). Among 47 patients, complete LAAO was achieved in 60% after 45D and in 74% after 6M. We observed a significant increase and distribution of serum levels of galectin-3 [ng\/mL] after 45D among the three types (baseline: 13.1 \u00b1 5.8 ng\/mL; 45D: 16.3 \u00b1 7.2 ng\/mL (Type A) vs. 19.2 \u00b1 8.6 ng\/mL (Type B) vs. 25.8 \u00b1 9.4 ng\/mL (Type C); p = 0.031), followed by a drop in galectin-3 for Types A and B after 6M toward and below the baseline levels (6M: 8.9 \u00b1 3.1 ng\/mL (Type A) vs. 12.4 \u00b1 5.5 ng\/mL (Type B)), whereas Type C persisted in showing elevated galectin-3 levels compared to all other types (6M: 17.5 \u00b1 4.5 ng\/mL (Type C); p &lt; 0.01). Increased galectin-3 serum levels after LAAO likely reflect the transition from thrombus formation to fibrotic scar development in the LAA lumen. Successful occlusion is associated with a time-restricted decrease in galectin-3 levels after 6 months, while relevant PDL leads to persistently elevated levels, making galectin-3 a potential predictor of occlusion success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:48:17Z","timestamp":1701056897000},"page":"16802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prognostic Value of Galectin-3 after Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion for Predicting Peri-Device Leakage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4883-5176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz","family":"Haertel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Lustermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Hamadanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Gruen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jurgen","family":"Bogoviku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Aftanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Westphal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Baez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6543-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9442-7141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. Christian","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1319-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Moebius-Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004517","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004517","article-title":"Major Bleeding Complications and Persistence With Oral Anticoagulation in Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: Contemporary Findings in Real-Life Danish Patients","volume":"6","author":"Lamberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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