{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T22:46:45Z","timestamp":1787611605633,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain remodeling after an ischemic stroke represents a promising avenue for exploring the cellular mechanisms of endogenous brain repair. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for optimizing the safety and efficacy of neuroprotective treatments for stroke patients. Here, we interrogated the role of extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, as potential mediators of endogenous repair within the neurovascular unit (NVU). We hypothesized that these extracellular vesicles may play a role in achieving transient stroke neuroprotection. Using the established ischemic stroke model of middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult rats, we detected a surged in the extracellular vesicle marker CD63 in the peri-infarct area that either juxtaposed or co-localized with GFAP-positive glial cells, MAP2-labeled young neurons, and VEGF-marked angiogenic cells. This novel observation that CD63 exosomes spatially and temporally approximated glial activation, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis suggests that extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, contribute to the endogenous repair of the NVU, warranting exploration of extracellular vesicle-based stroke therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T06:45:35Z","timestamp":1701153935000},"page":"16857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Endogenous Extracellular Vesicles Participate in Brain Remodeling after Ischemic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6628-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio Muleiro","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1884-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Esparza","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9695-6274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"D\u2019Egidio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2966-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar V.","family":"Borlongan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5270-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jea-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0118-8","article-title":"Ischaemic stroke","volume":"5","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haupt, M., Gerner, S.T., B\u00e4hr, M., and Doeppner, T.R. (2023). 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