{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T23:12:52Z","timestamp":1784243572413,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gobierno de Navarra, Spain-Next Generation EU"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shigellosis remains a global health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Despite improvements in sanitation, the absence of a licensed vaccine for human use has prompted global health organizations to support the development of a safe and effective multivalent vaccine that is cost-effective and accessible for limited-resource regions. Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) have emerged in recent years as an alternative to live attenuated or whole-inactivated vaccines due to their immunogenicity and self-adjuvating properties. Previous works have demonstrated the safety and protective capacity of OMVs against Shigella flexneri infection in mouse models when administered through mucosal or intradermal routes. However, some immunological properties, such as the cellular response or cross-protection among different Shigella strains, remained unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that intradermal immunization of OMVs with needle-free devices recruits a high number of immune cells in the dermis, leading to a robust cellular response marked by antigen-specific cytokine release and activation of effector CD4 T cells. Additionally, functional antibodies are generated, neutralizing various Shigella serotypes, suggesting cross-protective capacity. These findings highlight the potential of OMVs as a promising vaccine platform against shigellosis and support intradermal administration as a simple and painless vaccination strategy to address this health challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T03:48:24Z","timestamp":1701229704000},"page":"16910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Refining Immunogenicity through Intradermal Delivery of Outer Membrane Vesicles against Shigella flexneri in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5998-7298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yadira","family":"Pastor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4249-9204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josune","family":"Salvador-Erro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6586-4657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Gamazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raso, M.M., Arato, V., Gasperini, G., and Micoli, F. 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