{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:41:52Z","timestamp":1760150512982,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss National Grant, Innosuisse","award":["27619.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27619.1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effective and long-term treatment of cartilage defects is an unmet need among patients worldwide. In the past, several synthetic and natural biomaterials have been designed to support functional articular cartilage formation. However, they have mostly failed to enhance the terminal stage of chondrogenic differentiation, leading to scar tissue formation after the operation. Growth factors substantially regulate cartilage regeneration by acting on receptors to trigger intracellular signaling and cell recruitment for tissue regeneration. In this study, we investigated the effect of recombinant insulin-like growth factor 1 (rIGF-1), loaded in fibrin microbeads (FibIGF1), on cartilage regeneration. rIGF-1-loaded fibrin microbeads were injected into full-thickness cartilage defects in the knees of goats. The stability, integration, and quality of tissue repair were evaluated at 1 and 6 months by gross morphology, histology, and collagen type II staining. The in vivo results showed that compared to plain fibrin samples, particularly at 6 months, FibIGF1 improved the functional cartilage formation, confirmed through gross morphology, histology, and collagen type II immunostaining. FibIGF1 could be a promising candidate for cartilage repair in the clinic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T12:01:00Z","timestamp":1701259260000},"page":"16945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A New Bioactive Fibrin Formulation Provided Superior Cartilage Regeneration in a Caprine Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Elif","family":"Vardar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedic Department, Children\u2019s Hospital, Ch\u00e9min de Mont\u00e9tan 16, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui Yin","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ganesh","family":"Vythilingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han Ling","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3484-1601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haryanti Azura","family":"Mohamad Wali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Experimental Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva-Maria","family":"Engelhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedic Department, Children\u2019s Hospital, Ch\u00e9min de Mont\u00e9tan 16, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tunku","family":"Kamarul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Yves","family":"Zambelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedic Department, Children\u2019s Hospital, Ch\u00e9min de Mont\u00e9tan 16, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5041-360X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftheria","family":"Samara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedic Department, Children\u2019s Hospital, Ch\u00e9min de Mont\u00e9tan 16, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967117704634","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967117704634","article-title":"A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Surgical Treatment Modalities for Chondral Lesions of the Knee: Microfracture, Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation, and Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation","volume":"5","author":"Schrock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop. 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