{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T03:03:52Z","timestamp":1768705432206,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PT national funds","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PT national funds","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PT national funds","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PT national funds","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PT national funds","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PT national funds","award":["P2020-PTDC\/QUI-QOR\/31770\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2020-PTDC\/QUI-QOR\/31770\/2017"]}]},{"name":"PT national funds","award":["PTDC\/BIA-MIC\/3157\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-MIC\/3157\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is an emerging therapeutic approach that can effectively inactivate diverse microbial forms, including vegetative forms and spores, while preserving host tissues and avoiding the development of resistance to the photosensitization procedure. This study evaluates the antifungal and sporicidal photodynamic activity of two water-soluble amphiphilic tetra- and octa-\u03b2-substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) dyes with dimethylaminopyridinium groups at the periphery (ZnPcs 1, 2) and their quaternized derivatives (ZnPcs 1a, 2a). Tetra(1, 1a)- and octa(2, 2a)-\u03b2-substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanines were prepared and assessed as photosensitizers (PSs) for their effects on Fusarium oxysporum conidia. Antimicrobial photoinactivation experiments were performed with each PS at 0.1, 1, 10, and 20 \u00b5M under white light irradiation at an irradiance of 135 mW\u00b7cm\u20132, for 60 min (light dose of 486 J\u00b7cm\u22122). High PDI efficiency was observed for PSs 1a, 2, and 2a (10 \u00b5M), corresponding to inactivation until the method\u2019s detection limit. PS 1 (20 \u00b5M) also achieved a considerable reduction of &gt;5 log10 in the concentration of viable conidia. The quaternized PSs (1a, 2a) showed better PDI performance than the non-quaternized ones (1, 2), even at the low concentration of 1 \u00b5M, and a light dose of 486 J\u00b7cm\u22122. These cationic phthalocyanines are potent photodynamic drugs for antifungal applications due to their ability to effectively inactivate resistant forms, like conidia, with low concentrations and reasonable energy doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T07:44:42Z","timestamp":1701330282000},"page":"16980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Light-Driven Tetra- and Octa-\u03b2-substituted Cationic Zinc(II) Phthalocyanines for Eradicating Fusarium oxysporum Conidia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1624-6825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro M. O.","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9118-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6373-2901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel N.","family":"Sierra-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12273","article-title":"Spectrum of Fusarium Infections in Tropical Dermatology Evidenced by Multilocus Sequencing Typing Diagnostics","volume":"58","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.3.1760-1766.2004","article-title":"Fusarium oxysporum as a Multihost Model for the Genetic Dissection of Fungal Virulence in Plants and Mammals","volume":"72","author":"Ortoneda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2015.02.018","article-title":"Management of Fusarium Diseases Affecting Conifers","volume":"73","author":"Gordon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e772","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03498.x","article-title":"Onychomycosis Caused by Fusarium solani in a Woman with Diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2007.03120.x","article-title":"Fusarium spp. as Agents of Onychomycosis in Immunocompetent Hosts","volume":"46","author":"Guilhermetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-08-18-0320-RVW","article-title":"Current Status of Fusarium oxysporum Formae Speciales and Races","volume":"109","author":"Lecomte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"100135","article-title":"Defence Response in Plants and Animals against a Common Fungal Pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum","volume":"3","author":"Nag","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Microb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734619879030","article-title":"Fusarium spp.\u2014An Emerging Pathogen in Chronic Diabetic Ulcer: Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"20","author":"Lencastre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00014-07","article-title":"Fusarium Infections in Immunocompromised Patients","volume":"20","author":"Nucci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.4.479","article-title":"Taxonomy, Biology, and Clinical Aspects of Fusarium Species","volume":"7","author":"Nelson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmieri, D., Ianiri, G., Del Grosso, C., Barone, G., De Curtis, F., Castoria, R., and Lima, G. (2022). Advances and Perspectives in the Use of Biocontrol Agents against Fungal Plant Diseases. Horticulturae, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8070577"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390601062021","article-title":"Emerging Fusarium-Mycotoxins Fusaproliferin, Beauvericin, Enniatins, And Moniliformin\u2014A Review","volume":"48","author":"Jestoi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Gurdaswani, V., and Ghag, S.B. (2020). New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/ppa.13303","article-title":"Investigating the Effector Suite Profile of Australian Fusarium oxysporum Isolates from Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems","volume":"70","author":"Achari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12410","article-title":"Growth under Visible Light Increases Conidia and Mucilage Production and Tolerance to UV-B Radiation in the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Colletotrichum acutatum","volume":"91","author":"Massola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.12.016","article-title":"Advances in Fusarium Drug Resistance Research","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chitwood-Brown, J., Vallad, G.E., Lee, T.G., and Hutton, S.F. (2021). Breeding for Resistance to Fusarium Wilt of Tomato: A Review. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12111673"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampaio, A.M., de Ara\u00fajo, S.S., Rubiales, D., and Vaz Patto, M.C. (2020). Fusarium Wilt Management in Legume Crops. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10081073"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2015.02.003","article-title":"Management of Fusarium Wilt of Strawberry","volume":"73","author":"Koike","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2478\/v10045-010-0029-x","article-title":"The Effects of Fungicides on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici Associated with Fusarium Wilt of Tomato","volume":"50","author":"Amini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Plant Prot. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2008.08.001","article-title":"Potential Alternative Disinfection Methods for Organic Fresh-Cut Industry for Minimizing Water Consumption and Environmental Impact","volume":"42","author":"Kretzschmar","year":"2009","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148625","article-title":"Do Pesticides Promote or Hinder Sustainability in Agriculture? The Challenge of Sustainable Use of Pesticides in Modern Agriculture","volume":"795","author":"Lykogianni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ran, X., Hadiatullah, H., Yuchi, Z., Yang, X., and Zhu, X. (2023). Sustainable Use of Pesticides. Agriculture, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13071393"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafeiriou, E., Karelakis, C., Mart\u00ednez-Zarzoso, I., Galanopoulos, K., and Gkika, D. (2023). Economic Development and Pesticide Use in EU Agriculture: A Nonlinear Panel Data Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach. Agriculture, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13091693"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ons, L., Bylemans, D., Thevissen, K., and Cammue, B.P.A. (2020). Combining Biocontrol Agents with Chemical Fungicides for Integrated Plant Fungal Disease Control. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121930"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108527","article-title":"Antimicrobial Photodynamic Treatment (APDT) as an Innovative Technology to Control Spoilage and Pathogenic Microorganisms in Agri-Food Products: An Updated Review","volume":"132","author":"Brancini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS01051K","article-title":"The Role of the Light Source in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"52","author":"Piksa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-021-00102-1","article-title":"Photodynamic Disinfection and Its Role in Controlling Infectious Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Aroso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9008","DOI":"10.1039\/C7OB02270K","article-title":"Cationic Phthalocyanine Dendrimers as Potential Antimicrobial Photosensitisers","volume":"15","author":"Setaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, M.M., Bartolomeu, M., Gomes, A.T.P.C., Figueira, E., Pinto, R., Reis, L., Balc\u00e3o, V.M., Faustino, M.A.F., Neves, M.G.P.M.S., and Almeida, A. (2020). Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Transmission by Kiwifruit Pollen. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8071022"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"420","article-title":"Photodynamic Inactivation of the Phytopathogenic Bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp.","volume":"71","author":"Ndemueda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Citri. Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, M., David, B., Sierra-Garcia, I.N., Faustino, M.A.F., Alves, A., Esteves, A.C., and Cunha, A. (2021). Photodynamic Inactivation of Lasiodiplodia theobromae: Lighting the Way towards an Environmentally Friendly Phytosanitary Treatment. Biol. Lett., 17.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0820"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17438","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74427-9","article-title":"Photodynamic Inactivation of Botrytis Cinerea by an Anionic Porphyrin: An Alternative Pest Management of Grapevine","volume":"10","author":"Ambrosini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.09.008","article-title":"Photodynamic Inactivation of Conidia of the Fungus Colletotrichum abscissum on Citrus Sinensis Plants with Methylene Blue under Solar Radiation","volume":"176","author":"Gonzales","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Sharma, V.K., Shah, M.P., Parmar, S., and Kumar, A. (2021). Fungi Bio-Prospects in Sustainable Agriculture, Environment and Nano-Technology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sierra-Garcia, I.N., Cunha, \u00c2., and Louren\u00e7o, L.M.O. (2022). In Vitro Photodynamic Treatment of Fusarium oxysporum Conidia through the Action of Thiopyridinium and Methoxypyridinium Chlorins. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem., 432.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2022.114081"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s13530-015-0243-z","article-title":"Chlorin E6-Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation with Halogen Light against Microbes and Fungus","volume":"7","author":"Ryu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamelas, S.R.D., Sierra-Garcia, I.N., Tom\u00e9, A.C., Cunha, \u00c2., and Louren\u00e7o, L.M.O. (2023). In Vitro Photoinactivation of Fusarium oxysporum Conidia with Light-Activated Ammonium Phthalocyanines. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043922"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prandini, J.A., Castro, K.A.D.F., Biazzotto, J.C., Brancini, G.T.P., Tom\u00e9, J.P.C., Louren\u00e7o, L.M.O., Braga, G.\u00da.L., and da Silva, R.S. (2022). Thiopyridinium Phthalocyanine for Improved Photodynamic Efficiency against Pathogenic Fungi. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 231.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2022.112459"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, C.P.S., and Louren\u00e7o, L.M.O. (2021). Overview of Cationic Phthalocyanines for Effective Photoinactivation of Pathogenic Microorganisms. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev., 48.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100422"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"62","article-title":"The Photochemistry and Photophysics of a Series of Alpha Octa(Alkyl-Substituted) Silicon, Zinc and Palladium Phthalocyanines","volume":"13","author":"Beeby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.009","article-title":"A Novel Photosensitization Treatment for the Inactivation of Fungal Spores and Cells Mediated by Curcumin","volume":"173","author":"Mereddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04353-8","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Response Pathways in Fungi","volume":"79","author":"Yaakoub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziental, D., Mlynarczyk, D.T., Czarczynska-Goslinska, B., Lewandowski, K., and Sobotta, L. (2021). Photosensitizers Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation against Fungi. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11112883"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2004.06.006","article-title":"A Comprehensive Overview of Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Superficial Fungal Infections of the Skin","volume":"78","author":"Venturini","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/cptc.201900020","article-title":"Photoinactivation of Planktonic and Biofilm Forms of Escherichia coli through the Action of Cationic Zinc(II) Phthalocyanines","volume":"3","author":"Rocha","year":"2019","journal-title":"ChemPhotoChem"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5138","DOI":"10.1021\/jp022646e","article-title":"Evaluation of Photodynamic Therapy Agents through Transient Grating Measurements","volume":"107","author":"Beveridge","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blango, M.G., Kniemeyer, O., and Brakhage, A.A. (2019). Conidial Surface Proteins at the Interface of Fungal Infections. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007939"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2005.03.001","article-title":"Photophysical and Photochemical Studies of Sulphonated Non-Transition Metal Phthalocyanines in Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Media","volume":"173","author":"Ogunsipe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00988-07","article-title":"Toluidine Blue-Mediated Photodynamic Effects on Staphylococcal Biofilms","volume":"52","author":"Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.12.4339-4344.1994","article-title":"Direct Measurement of Chlorine Penetration into Biofilms during Disinfection","volume":"60","author":"Beer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billings, N., Millan, M., Caldara, M., Rusconi, R., Tarasova, Y., Stocker, R., and Ribbeck, K. (2013). The Extracellular Matrix Component Psl Provides Fast-Acting Antibiotic Defense in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilms. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003526"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6961","DOI":"10.1039\/C5DT00400D","article-title":"Peripheral Substitution as a Tool for Tuning Electron-Accepting Properties of Phthalocyanine Analogs in Intramolecular Charge Transfer","volume":"44","author":"Cidlina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-020-02146-y","article-title":"Different Wavelengths of Visible Light Influence the Conidial Production and Tolerance to Ultra-Violet Radiation of the Plant Pathogens Colletotrichum Acutatum and Fusarium fujikuroi","volume":"159","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2010.05.001","article-title":"Regulation by Light in Fusarium","volume":"47","author":"Avalos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13182","article-title":"Different Susceptibility of Spores and Hyphae of Trichophyton rubrum to Methylene Blue Mediated Photodynamic Treatment in Vitro","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Magyar, D., Vass, M., and Li, D.-W. (2016). Biology of Microfungi, Springer."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-12-17-0302-CR","article-title":"Host\u2013Pathogen Interaction in Fusarium oxysporum Infections: Where Do We Stand?","volume":"31","author":"Husaini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02788-13","article-title":"In Vitro Photodynamic Inactivation of Plant-Pathogenic Fungi Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with Novel Phenothiazinium Photosensitizers","volume":"80","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-021-00157-0","article-title":"Photodynamic Inactivation of Plant Pathogens Part II: Fungi","volume":"21","author":"Hamminger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armarego, W.L.F. (2017). Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805457-4.50003-3"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-080615-095919","article-title":"Fusarium oxysporum and the Fusarium Wilt Syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Gordon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/23\/16980\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:34:39Z","timestamp":1760132079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/23\/16980"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242316980"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242316980","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]}}}