{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T04:41:37Z","timestamp":1774327297254,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2020-773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2020-773"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A comparative in vivo study of the effects of ionizing radiation (accelerated protons) and visible light (400\u2013700 nm) on the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the mouse eye was carried out. Using the methods of fluorescence spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we analyzed the relative composition of retinoids in chloroform extracts obtained from the retinas and RPEs immediately after exposure of animals to various types of radiation and 4.5 months after they were exposed and maintained under standard conditions throughout the period. The fluorescent properties of chloroform extracts were shown to change upon exposure to various types of radiation. This fact indicates the accumulation of retinoid oxidation and degradation products in the retina and RPE. The data from fluorescence and HPLC analyses of retinoids indicate that when exposed to ionizing radiation, retinoid oxidation processes similar to photooxidation occur. Both ionizing radiation and high-intensity visible light have been shown to be characterized by long-term effects. The action of any type of radiation is assumed to activate the mechanism of enhanced reactive oxygen species production, resulting in a long-term damaging effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242317049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T10:39:48Z","timestamp":1701427188000},"page":"17049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Short-Term and Long-Term Effects after Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Visible Light on Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium of Mouse Eye"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2613-056X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Feldman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Moscow 119234, Russia"},{"name":"Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow 119334, Russia"},{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4243-2787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Yakovleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow 119334, Russia"},{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Utina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna 141980, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Ostrovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Moscow 119234, Russia"},{"name":"Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow 119334, Russia"},{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2014.02.004","article-title":"Biological effects of space radiation and development of effective countermeasures","volume":"1","author":"Kennedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3027.1","article-title":"Acute hematological effects of solar particle event proton radiation in the porcine model","volume":"180","author":"Sanzari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.25324","article-title":"The effects of antioxidants on gene expression following gamma-radiation (GR) and proton radiation (PR) in mice in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Finnberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3523.1","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplements on the space radiation-induced reduction in total antioxidant status in CBA mice","volume":"165","author":"Kennedy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24755-8","article-title":"Galactic cosmic radiation induces persistent epigenome alterations relevant to human lung cancer","volume":"8","author":"Kennedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/REVEH.2003.18.1.1","article-title":"Effects of the space flight environment on the immune system","volume":"18","author":"Sonnenfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2276.2008","article-title":"Immune system dysregulation following short-vs longduration spaceflight","volume":"79","author":"Crucian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"von Sonntag, C. (1987). The Chemical Basis of Radiation Biology, Taylor&Francis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alwood, J.S., Tran, L.H., Schreurs, A.S., Shirazi-Fard, Y., Kumar, A., Hilton, D., Tahimic, C.G.T., and Globus, R.K. (2017). Dose- and ion-dependent effects in the oxidative stress response to space-like radiation exposure in the skeletal system. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102117"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3249","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplements on space radiation-induced oxidative stress in Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"162","author":"Guan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.10.006","article-title":"Ionizing radiation accelerates Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission, which involves delayed mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in normal human fibroblast-like cells","volume":"414","author":"Kobashigawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2004","article-title":"The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function","volume":"85","author":"Strauss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"270","article-title":"Ionized radiation-mediated retinoid oxidation in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium of the murine eye","volume":"197","author":"Yakovleva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01037-06","article-title":"Retinal degeneration and ionizing radiation hypersensitivity in a mouse model for Cockayne syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Gorgels","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ponomarev, A.L., Nounu, H.N., Hussein, H.F., Kim, M.-H.Y., Atwell, W., and Cucinotta, F.A. (2007). NASA-Developed ProE-Based Tool for the Ray-Tracing of Spacecraft Geometry to Determine Radiation Doses and Particle Fluxes in Habitable Areas of Spacecraft and in the Human Body, NASA\/USRA. NASA\/TP-2007-214770."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2001)156[0460:SRACIA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Space radiation and cataracts in astronauts","volume":"156","author":"Cucinotta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14977.1","article-title":"Acute effect of low-dose space radiation on mouse retina and retinal endothelial cells","volume":"190","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3007","article-title":"Quantification of rat retinal growth and vascular population changes after single and split doses of proton irradiation: Translational study using stereology methods","volume":"160","author":"Mao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3309.1","article-title":"Space flight environment induces mitochondrial oxidative damage in ocular tissue","volume":"180","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1728.1","article-title":"High-LET radiation-induced response of microvessels in the hippocampus","volume":"173","author":"Mao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1179\/135100003225002673","article-title":"The retina: Oxidative stress and diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Gillies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakovleva, M.A., Dontsov, A.E., Trofimova, N.N., Sakina, N.L., Kononikhin, A.S., Aybush, A.V., Feldman, T.B., and Ostrovsky, M.A. (2022). Lipofuscin granule bisretinoid oxidation in the human retinal pigment epithelium forms cytotoxic carbonyls. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010222"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dontsov, A., Yakovleva, M., Trofimova, N., Sakina, N., Gulin, A., Aybush, A., Gostev, F., Vasin, A., Feldman, T., and Ostrovsky, M. (2022). Water-soluble products of photooxidative destruction of the bisretinoid A2E cause proteins modification in the dark. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031534"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldman, T., Ostrovskiy, D., Yakovleva, M., Dontsov, A., Borzenok, S., and Ostrovsky, M. (2022). Lipofuscin-mediated photic stress induces a dark toxic effect on ARPE-19 cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012234"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-8353-z","article-title":"Changes in spectral properties and composition of lipofuscin fluorophores from human retinal pigment epithelium with age and pathology","volume":"407","author":"Feldman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7275","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913112107","article-title":"Structural characterization of bisretinoid A2E photocleavage products and implications for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"107","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"814","article-title":"Formation of a nona-oxirane from A2E, alipofuscin fluorophore related to macular degeneration, and evidence of singlet oxygen involvement","volume":"41","author":"Itagaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, K.D., Yamamoto, K., Ueda, K., Zhou, J., and Sparrow, J.R. (2012). A novel source of methylglyoxal and glyoxal in retina: Implications for age-related macular degeneration. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041309"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2013.0400276","article-title":"Carbonyl stress in aging process: Role of vitamins and phytochemicals as redox regulators","volume":"4","author":"Ergin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chemistry and pathobiology of advanced glycation end products","volume":"131","author":"Schleicher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Contrib. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0109-0","article-title":"Spectral analysis of fundus autofluorescence pattern as a tool to detect early stages of degeneration in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"32","author":"Feldman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Feldman, T.B., Ostrovsky, M.A., Yakovleva, M.A., Larichev, A.V., Borzenok, S.A., and Arbukhanova, P.M. (2017). A Method for the Early Detectionof Age-Related Macular Retinal Dystrophy. (2651126), RF Patent No."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Larichev, A.V., Panchenko, V.Y., Ostrovsky, M.A., and Feldman, T.B. (2017). Optical Device for the Study of the Fundus to Detect Age-Related Macular Dystrophy of the Retina. (176795), RF Patent for Utility Model No."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.7.9","article-title":"Age-related retinal changes in wild-type C57BL\/6J mice between 2 and 32 months","volume":"62","author":"Ferdous","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1039\/c0pp00207k","article-title":"Fundus autofluorescence and the bisretinoids of retina","volume":"9","author":"Sparrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19273","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708714104","article-title":"The all-trans-retinal dimer series of lipofuscin pigments in retinal pigment epithelial cells in a recessive Stargardt disease model","volume":"104","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2011.12.012","article-title":"Ionizing radiation-induced metabolic oxidative stress and prolonged cell injury","volume":"327","author":"Azzam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601711","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.601711","article-title":"The response of living organisms to low radiation environment and its implications in radiation protection","volume":"8","author":"Belli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2015.06.013","article-title":"Candida albicans DBF4 gene inducibly duplicated by the mini-Urablaster is involved in hypha-suppression","volume":"779","author":"Chien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6847","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220751110","article-title":"Intercellular trafficking of the nuclear oncoprotein DEK","volume":"110","author":"Saha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1995.192","article-title":"Lipofuscin of the retinal pigment epithelium: A review","volume":"9","author":"Kennedy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00181780","article-title":"Late ultrastructural changes in the retina of the rat following low-dose X-irradiation","volume":"230","author":"Amoaku","year":"1992","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1562\/2004-11-13-IR-371","article-title":"Light-induced damage to the retina: Role of rhodopsin chromophore revisited","volume":"81","author":"Sarna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-022-00989-9","article-title":"Photobiology of lipofuscin granules in the retinal pigment epithelium cells of the eye: Norm, pathology, age","volume":"14","author":"Feldman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"90","article-title":"Measurements of LET spectra of the JINR phasotron radiotherapy proton beam","volume":"88","author":"Molokanov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Probl. At. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7154","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.130110497","article-title":"Biosynthesis of a major lipofuscin fluorophore in mice and humans with ABCR-mediated retinal and macular degeneration","volume":"97","author":"Mata","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5","article-title":"A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues","volume":"226","author":"Folch","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holz, F.G., Schmitz-Valckenberg, S., Spaide, R.F., and Bird, A.C. (2007). Atlas of Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71994-6"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14609","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14609","article-title":"Isolation and one-step preparation of A2E and iso-A2E, fluorophores from human retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"95","author":"Parish","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/23\/17049\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:36:24Z","timestamp":1760132184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/23\/17049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242317049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242317049","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]}}}