{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:21:38Z","timestamp":1790223698196,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Angiogenesis significantly influences the carcinogenesis of thymic epithelial tumors (TET). Both thymomas and thymic carcinoma (TC) overexpress VEGF-A and VEGFR-1 and -2. This review aims to provide an appraisal of the use of anti-angiogenics in the treatment of TET. The literature research identified 16 studies that were deemed eligible for further analysis. Seven studies assessed the clinical efficacy of sunitinib and five studies the use of apatinib and\/or anlotinib. The multicenter Japanese phase II REMORA trial investigated the efficacy of lenvatinib, which is a multi-targeted inhibitor of VEGFR, FGFR, RET, c-Kit, and other kinases. The objective response rate was 38% (25.6\u201352%), which is the highest documented in TET that progressed after first-line chemotherapy. Anti-angiogenic agents may be useful in the treatment of TET, which are not amenable to curative treatment. Their toxicity profile seems to be acceptable. However, angiogenesis inhibitors do not appear to have a major influence on either thymomas or TC, although multikinase inhibitors may have some effect on TC. The current evidence suggests that the most active agent is lenvatinib, whereas sunitinib could be proposed as an acceptable second-line therapy for TC. Further research concerning the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors with anti-angiogenic drugs is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242317065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T13:45:41Z","timestamp":1701524741000},"page":"17065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Overview of the Use of Anti-Angiogenic Agents in the Treatment of Thymic Epithelial Tumors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Apostolos C.","family":"Agrafiotis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Wallonie Picarde Hospital Center (Centre Hospitalier de Wallonie Picarde\u2014CHwapi), B-7500 Tournai, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawek","family":"Berzenji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stien","family":"Koyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dries","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Winthagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9145-3643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen M. 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