{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T16:53:32Z","timestamp":1776790412766,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Benzodiazepines, psychotropic drugs, are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment due to over-consumption and inefficient removal by sewage treatment plants. Bioaccumulation with consequent behavioral and physiological effects has been reported in many aquatic species. However, the responses are species-specific and still poorly understood. To improve the knowledge, we exposed the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus to 1, 5, or 10 \u00b5g\/L of delorazepam, the most widely consumed benzodiazepine in Italy. Conventional behavioral tests were used to assess the effects on locomotor and feeding behavior. Histological and biochemical analyses were also performed to detect possible changes in the structure and composition of the foot mucus and glands. The results show a paradoxical response with reduced feeding activity and locomotor hyperactivity. Pedal mucus was altered in texture but not in composition, becoming particularly rich in fibrous collagen-like material, and a significant change in the protein composition was highlighted in the foot. In conclusion, exposure to delorazepam induces disinhibited behavior in Planorbarius corneus, potentially increasing the risk of predation, and an increase in mucus protein production, which, together with reduced feeding activity, would severely compromise energy resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242317070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T13:45:41Z","timestamp":1701524741000},"page":"17070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Benzodiazepine Delorazepam Induces Locomotory Hyperactivity and Alterations in Pedal Mucus Texture in the Freshwater Gastropod Planorbarius corneus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0868-2520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Fogliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9207-9657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Carotenuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Agnisola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Palma","family":"Simoniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples Parthenope, 80143 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Karam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Manfredonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5355-1557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bice","family":"Avallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1035-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara Maria","family":"Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198325040-00003","article-title":"Benzodiazepine dependence. A review of the evidence","volume":"25","author":"Owen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"The Medicines Utilisation Monitoring Centre (2023, November 01). National Report on Medicines use in Italy. Year 2018, Available online: https:\/\/www.aifa.gov.it\/documents\/20142\/o\/Rapporto_OsMed_2018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.09.008","article-title":"Photodegradation of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments\u2014Kinetics and photodegradation products","volume":"45","author":"Calisto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.02.126","article-title":"Screening of benzodiazepines in thirty European rivers","volume":"176","author":"Fick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.11.010","article-title":"Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment","volume":"45","author":"Jelic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.10.056","article-title":"Environmental occurrence, fate and transformation of benzodiazepines in water treatment","volume":"46","author":"Kosjek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.05.009","article-title":"Drugs of abuse and benzodiazepines in the Madrid Region (Central Spain): Seasonal variation in river waters, occurrence in tap water and potential environmental and human risk","volume":"70","author":"Mendoza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.041","article-title":"Psychoactive pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in coastal waters of North-Western Spain: Environmental exposure and risk assessment","volume":"224","author":"Postigo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00299","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals of Emerging Concern in Aquatic Systems: Chemistry, Occurrence, Effects, and Removal Methods","volume":"119","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24076","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0170-4","article-title":"Psychoactive drugs: Occurrence in aquatic environment, analytical methods, and ecotoxicity\u2014A review","volume":"24","author":"Cunha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.09.021","article-title":"Psychiatric pharmaceuticals in the environment","volume":"77","author":"Calisto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.11.070","article-title":"Pharmaceutical residues in wastewater treatment works effluents and their impact on receiving river water","volume":"166","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-0964-3","article-title":"Bioconcentration of two pharmaceuticals (benzodiazepines) and two personal care products (UV filters) in marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) under controlled laboratory conditions","volume":"19","author":"Gomez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10406","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b01968","article-title":"Long-Term Persistence of an Anxiolytic Drug (Oxazepam) in a Large Freshwater Lake","volume":"49","author":"Klaminder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1065\/espr2006.01.004","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals in the environment in Italy: Causes, occurrence, effects and control","volume":"13","author":"Zuccato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-005-4004-4","article-title":"Consequences of the evolution of the GABA(A) receptor gene family","volume":"25","author":"Darlison","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of diazepam on biotester organisms","volume":"1","author":"Verginica","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Health Sci. Life"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2020.105694","article-title":"Low concentrations of oxazepam induce feeding and molecular changes in Radix balthica juveniles","volume":"230","author":"Lebreton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134548","article-title":"Sex differences in adult zebrafish anxiolytic-like responses to diazepam and melatonin","volume":"714","author":"Genario","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2022.106244","article-title":"Environmental concentrations of a delorazepam-based drug impact on embryonic development of non-target Xenopus laevis","volume":"250","author":"Fogliano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26772","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-12046-7","article-title":"Effects of paracetamol on the polychaete Hediste diversicolor: Occurrence of oxidative stress, cyclooxygenase inhibition and behavioural alterations","volume":"28","author":"Nogueira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1363","article-title":"Pharmacological Mechanisms of Diazepam in Fish: Effect on Growth","volume":"5","author":"Belal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2022.104030","article-title":"Behavioral alterations and gills damage in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to an environmental concentration of delorazepam","volume":"97","author":"Fogliano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2006.06.005","article-title":"Translocator protein (18 kDa): New nomenclature for the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor based on its structure and molecular function","volume":"27","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(01)00118-8","article-title":"Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors and mitochondrial function","volume":"40","author":"Casellas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867023369745","article-title":"The role of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) in CNS pathophysiology","volume":"9","author":"Lang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.12.013","article-title":"Different effects of subchronic exposure to low concentrations of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in a freshwater gastropod","volume":"90","author":"Rivadeneira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"114","article-title":"Azinphos-methyl causes in Planorbarius corneus toxic effects on reproduction, offspring survival and B-esterases depending on the exposure time. Comparative biochemistry and physiology","volume":"217","author":"Agrelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pharmacol. CBP"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teac.2022.e00192","article-title":"Analytical methods for the determination of antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and their metabolites through wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"37","author":"Heath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146028","article-title":"The detection of new psychoactive substances in wastewater. A comprehensive review of analytical approaches and global trends","volume":"776","author":"Gent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"e15816","article-title":"Benzodiazepine Misuse: An Epidemic Within a Pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Sarangi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109176","article-title":"Prescription fill patterns for benzodiazepine and opioid drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States","volume":"229","author":"Fernandes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.12.016","article-title":"Measuring thigmotaxis in larval zebrafish","volume":"228","author":"Steenbergen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.20111","article-title":"Centrophobism\/thigmotaxis, a new role for the mushroom bodies in Drosophila","volume":"62","author":"Besson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5271","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5271","article-title":"Shape and size of the arenas affect amphipod behaviours: Implications for ecotoxicology","volume":"6","author":"Kohler","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"9","article-title":"Individual Thigmotactic Preference Affects the Fleeing Behavior of the American Cockroach (Blattodea: Blattidae)","volume":"18","author":"Sempo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.126649","article-title":"Amphibious fishes: Evolution and phenotypic plasticity","volume":"219","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(88)90413-3","article-title":"Thigmotaxis as a test for anxiolytic activity in rats","volume":"31","author":"Treit","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceano.2022.01.006","article-title":"Does topography of rocky intertidal habitat affect aggregation of cerithiid gastropods and co-occurring macroinvertebrates?","volume":"64","author":"Jethva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moisez, E., and Seuront, L. (2020). Deciphering the known unknowns in the behavioural ecology of the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 524.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2020.151313"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/285160a0","article-title":"The role of gastropod pedal mucus in locomotion","volume":"285","author":"Denny","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Davies, M.S., and Hawkins, S.J. (1998). Advances in Marine Biology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2014.02.024","article-title":"The advantage of mucus for adhesive locomotion in gastropods","volume":"353","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200019","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200019","article-title":"Molecular insights into the powerful mucus-based adhesion of limpets (Patella vulgata L.)","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41094-z","article-title":"Comparative mucomic analysis of three functionally distinct Cornu aspersum Secretions","volume":"14","author":"Cerullo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"97","article-title":"Collagen and picrosirius red staining: A polarized light assessment of fibrillar hue and spatial distribution","volume":"22","author":"Rich","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Morphol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.040493","article-title":"Effect of acute exposure to low environmental calcium on respiration and locomotion in Lymnaea stagnalis (L.)","volume":"213","author":"Dalesman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2014.11.010","article-title":"The antidepressants venlafaxine (\u201cEffexor\u201d) and fluoxetine (\u201cProzac\u201d) produce different effects on locomotion in two species of marine snail, the oyster drill (Urosalpinx cinerea) and the starsnail (Lithopoma americanum)","volume":"103","author":"Fong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.151779","article-title":"Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on locomotion and the repeatability of lateralization in a keystone marine mollusc","volume":"220","author":"Domenici","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziegler, M., Eckstein, H., K\u00f6hler, H.-R., Tisler, S., Zwiener, C., and Triebskorn, R. (2021). Effects of the Antidepressants Citalopram and Venlafaxine on the Big Ramshorn Snail (Planorbarius corneus). Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13131722"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2022.100187","article-title":"Uptake, depuration, and behavioural effects of oxazepam on activity and foraging in a tropical snail (Melanoides tuberculata)","volume":"8","author":"Bose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(99)00052-8","article-title":"The use of benzodiazepines in anxiety and other disorders","volume":"9","author":"Argyropoulos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2011.10.005","article-title":"Characterization of a GABAA receptor \u03b2 subunit in the abalone Haliotis asinina that is upregulated during larval development","volume":"410","author":"Stewart","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Levin, S.A. (2001). Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(95)00122-0","article-title":"Behavioural changes induced by GABA-receptor agonists in Lymnaea stagnalis L.","volume":"27","author":"Romanova","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol. Vasc. Syst."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.152.1.405","article-title":"Control of locomotion in the freshwater snail Planorbis corneus ii. differential control of various zones of the ciliated epithelium","volume":"152","author":"Deliagina","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00248356","article-title":"Control of feeding movements in the freshwater snail Planorbis corneus. I. Rhythmical neurons of buccal ganglia","volume":"70","author":"Arshavsky","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.26.12.460","article-title":"Benzodiazepines and disinhibition: A review","volume":"26","author":"Paton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"862","article-title":"Benzodiazepines\u2014Their role in aggression and why GPs should prescribe with caution","volume":"40","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(91)90180-T","article-title":"Disinhibitory reactions to benzodiazepines: A review","volume":"49","author":"Roelofse","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-1001-2-4","article-title":"Distributed network organization underlying feeding behavior in the mollusk Lymnaea","volume":"2","author":"Benjamin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neural Syst. Circuits"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000076159","article-title":"Feeding neural networks in the mollusc Aplysia","volume":"13","author":"Cropper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosignals"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.69.2.512","article-title":"Pharmacologically induced elements of the hunting and feeding behavior in the pteropod mollusk Clione limacina. I. Effects of GABA","volume":"69","author":"Arshavsky","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199104000-00002","article-title":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid induces feeding behaviour in the marine mollusk, Clione limacina","volume":"2","author":"Arshavsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s10893-005-0035-1","article-title":"Multiplicity of chemical mechanisms of regulation of muscle contractions in Lymnaea stagnalis L.","volume":"41","author":"Kononenko","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biochem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4892(02)00225-4","article-title":"Pharmacology of transmission to gastrointestinal muscle","volume":"2","author":"Lecci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/56.2.221","article-title":"The fine structure and function of the foot of Nassarius kraussianus, a gastropod moving by ciliary locomotion","volume":"56","author":"Trueman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Molluscan Stud."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2754\/avb200473010003","article-title":"Microscopy and morphometry of integument of the foot of pulmonate gastropods Arion rufus and Helix pomatia","volume":"73","author":"Tonar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.2983\/0730-8000(2006)25[1071:MAOFOT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Microscopic anatomy of foot of the spiny top shell, Batillus cornutus (lightfoot, 1786) (Gastropoda: Turbinidae)","volume":"25","author":"Jung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Shellfish. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"702","article-title":"Correlation between the sole shape and the locomotor speed in the pulmonate snails Helix lucorum and Helix pomatia","volume":"26","author":"Pavlova","year":"1994","journal-title":"Zh. Evol. Biokhim. Fiziol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2017.05.001","article-title":"Snail mucus\u2014Glandular origin and composition in Helix pomatia","volume":"122","author":"Greistorfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motta, C.M., Califano, E., Scudiero, R., Avallone, B., Fogliano, C., De Bonis, S., Raggio, A., and Simoniello, P. (2022). Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Gut Villi in Danio rerio. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23041927"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-015-9310-0","article-title":"Structural and functional changes in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) skeletal muscle after cadmium exposure","volume":"31","author":"Avallone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"793","article-title":"Snail mucus: A natural origin substance with potential use in medicine","volume":"78","author":"Jasik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13806","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA01439F","article-title":"Controlled self-assembly of glycoprotein complex in snail mucus from lubricating liquid to elastic fiber","volume":"8","author":"Zhong","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.154061","article-title":"Histopathological evaluation of collagen fibers using picrosirius red stain and polarizing microscopy in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4392","article-title":"Structural and functional features of a collagen-binding matrix protein from the mussel byssus","volume":"5","author":"Suhre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00492470","article-title":"Lectin binding to collagen strands in histologic tissue sections","volume":"87","year":"1987","journal-title":"Histochemistry"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32736","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.266692","article-title":"A novel functional role of collagen glycosylation: Interaction with the endocytic collagen receptor uparap\/ENDO180","volume":"286","author":"Madsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-020-02339-7","article-title":"Risk of hospitalisation associated with benzodiazepines and z-drugs in Italy: A nationwide multicentre study in emergency departments","volume":"15","author":"Lombardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165300","article-title":"Water contamination by delorazepam induces epigenetic defects in the embryos of the clawed frog Xenopus laevis","volume":"896","author":"Fogliano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1983.tb00391.x","article-title":"Gastropod chemoreception","volume":"58","author":"Croll","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1817","article-title":"Caspase 3 in molluscan tissues: Localization and possible function","volume":"319","author":"Motta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. Part A Ecol. Genet. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.05.064","article-title":"Biocide triclosan impairs byssus formation in marine mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis","volume":"241","author":"Motta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155417718541","article-title":"Fluorescence of Picrosirius Red Multiplexed With Immunohistochemistry for the Quantitative Assessment of Collagen in Tissue Sections","volume":"65","author":"Wegner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem. Off. J. Histochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.04.019","article-title":"Investigation of immunoglobulins in skin of the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii","volume":"39","author":"Coscia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150180114","article-title":"Quantitative densitometry of proteins stained with coomassie blue using a Hewlett Packard scanjet scanner and Scanplot software","volume":"18","author":"Vincent","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/23\/17070\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:36:38Z","timestamp":1760132198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/23\/17070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242317070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242317070","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]]}}}