{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:33:05Z","timestamp":1788489185766,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K14675"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K14675"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022BP837R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BP837R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PRIN 2022","award":["23K14675"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K14675"]}]},{"name":"PRIN 2022","award":["2022BP837R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BP837R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocytes glycoprotein-antibody disease (MOGAD) are distinct autoimmune demyelinating disorders characterized by varying clinical and pathological characteristics. While the precise origins of these diseases remain elusive, a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including viral elements, have been suggested as potential contributors to their development. Our goal was to assess the occurrence of antibodies against pathogenic peptides associated with Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) and the human endogenous retrovirus-W (HERV-W) in serum samples obtained from Japanese individuals diagnosed with MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD and to make comparisons with a group of healthy controls (HCs). We conducted a retrospective analysis involving 114 Japanese participants, comprising individuals with MS (34), NMOSD (20), MOGAD (20), and HCs (40). These individuals were tested using a peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A marked increase in antibody response against EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1)386\u2013405 was observed in the serum of MS and MOGAD patients, as compared to HCs. Notably, we observed a correlation between antibodies against EBNA1386\u2013405 and HERV-W486\u2013504 peptides in a subset of the antibody-positive MS patients. These findings emphasize the involvement of EBV in the pathogenesis of MS and potentially MOGAD, suggesting its role in the reactivation of HERV-W.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T08:09:17Z","timestamp":1701763757000},"page":"17151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Epstein\u2013Barr Virus and Human Endogenous Retrovirus in Japanese Patients with Autoimmune Demyelinating Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Davide","family":"Cossu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5462-6725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji","family":"Tomizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0566-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Antonio","family":"Sechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2034-2556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobutaka","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan"},{"name":"Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 3510918, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1316","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1316","article-title":"Pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination: From multiple sclerosis to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"10","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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