{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T06:00:53Z","timestamp":1785391253940,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sansun Life Sciences (Hong Kong)"},{"name":"Fortune Education Foundation (New York)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend replacing saturated fat (SFA) intake with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monosaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) but do not specify the type of PUFAs, which consist of two functionally distinct classes: omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. Given that modern Western diets are already rich in n-6 PUFAs and the risk of chronic disease remains high today, we hypothesized that increased intake of n-3 PUFAs, rather than n-6 PUFAs, would be a beneficial intervention against obesity and related liver diseases caused by high-fat diets. To test this hypothesis, we fed C57BL\/6J mice with a high-fat diet (HF) for 10 weeks to induce obesity, then divided the obese mice into three groups and continued feeding for another 10 weeks with one of the following three diets: HF, HF+n-6 (substituted half of SFA with n-6 PUFAs), and HF+n-3 (substituted half of SFA with n-3 PUFAs), followed by assessment of body weight, fat mass, insulin sensitivity, hepatic pathology, and lipogenesis. Interestingly, we found that the HF+n-6 group, like the HF group, had a continuous increase in body weight and fat mass, while the HF+n-3 group had a significant decrease in body weight and fat mass, although all groups had the same calorie intake. Accordingly, insulin resistance and fatty liver pathology (steatosis and fat levels) were evident in the HF+n-6 and HF groups but barely seen in the HF+n-3 group. Furthermore, the expression of lipogenesis-related genes in the liver was upregulated in the HF+n-6 group but downregulated in the HF+n-3 group. Our findings demonstrate that n-6 PUFAs and n-3 PUFAs have differential effects on obesity and fatty liver disease and highlight the importance of increasing n-3 PUFAs and reducing n-6 PUFAs (balancing the n-6\/n-3 ratio) in clinical interventions and dietary guidelines for the management of obesity and related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T08:47:26Z","timestamp":1702025246000},"page":"17261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Differential Interventional Effects of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Hepatic Pathology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nursing and Allied Health Professions, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA"},{"name":"Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Hui","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanakaraju","family":"Kaliannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing X.","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA"},{"name":"Omega-3 and Global Health Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000228994","article-title":"Fat and Fatty Acid Terminology, Methods of Analysis and Fat Digestion and Metabolism: A Background Review Paper","volume":"55","author":"Ratnayake","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. 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