{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:49:12Z","timestamp":1791287352709,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitiligo is a complex disease with a multifactorial nature and a high impact on the quality of life of patients. Although there are multiple therapeutic alternatives, there is currently no fully effective treatment for this disease. In the current era, multiple drugs are being developed for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. This review assesses the available evidence on the pathogenesis of vitiligo, and a comprehensive review of treatments available for vitiligo now and in the near future is provided. This qualitative analysis spans 116 articles. We reviewed the mechanism of action, efficacy and safety data of phototherapy, afamelanotide, cyclosporine, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors, trichloroacetic acid, basic fibroblast growth factor, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, secukinumab, pseudocatalase and janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. At the moment, there is no clearly outstanding option or fully satisfactory treatment for vitiligo, so it is necessary to keep up the development of new drugs as well as the publication of long-term effectiveness and safety data for existing treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T03:25:31Z","timestamp":1702265131000},"page":"17306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Vitiligo: Pathogenesis and New and Emerging Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2253-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Perez-Bootello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Road M-607, 9, 100, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Cova-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Road M-607, 9, 100, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0136-9032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Naharro-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Road M-607, 9, 100, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Segurado-Miravalles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Road M-607, 9, 100, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15743","article-title":"Vitiligo: A Focus on Pathogenesis and Its Therapeutic Implications","volume":"48","author":"Bergqvist","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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