{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T13:36:06Z","timestamp":1782999366697,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":263,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]],"date-time":"2023-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2022-310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2022-310"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of insulin-producing \u03b2-cells in the pancreas by cytotoxic T-cells. To date, there are no drugs that can prevent the development of T1D. Insulin replacement therapy is the standard care for patients with T1D. This treatment is life-saving, but is expensive, can lead to acute and long-term complications, and results in reduced overall life expectancy. This has stimulated the research and development of alternative treatments for T1D. In this review, we consider potential therapies for T1D using cellular regenerative medicine approaches with a focus on CRISPR\/Cas-engineered cellular products. However, CRISPR\/Cas as a genome editing tool has several drawbacks that should be considered for safe and efficient cell engineering. In addition, cellular engineering approaches themselves pose a hidden threat. The purpose of this review is to critically discuss novel strategies for the treatment of T1D using genome editing technology. A well-designed approach to \u03b2-cell derivation using CRISPR\/Cas-based genome editing technology will significantly reduce the risk of incorrectly engineered cell products that could behave as a \u201cTrojan horse\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T03:25:31Z","timestamp":1702265131000},"page":"17320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Challenges of CRISPR\/Cas-Based Cell Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: How Not to Engineer a \u201cTrojan Horse\u201d"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5203-0787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry S.","family":"Karpov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasiia O.","family":"Sosnovtseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4920-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana V.","family":"Pylina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6889-6710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asya N.","family":"Bastrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darya A.","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5565-1331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim A.","family":"Kovalev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasija I.","family":"Shuvalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna K.","family":"Eremkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia G.","family":"Mokrysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30412-7","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes-early life origins and changing epidemiology","volume":"8","author":"Norris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00218-2","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, and mortality of type 1 diabetes in 2021 with projection to 2040: A modelling study","volume":"10","author":"Gregory","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues Oliveira, S.M., Rebocho, A., Ahmadpour, E., Nissapatorn, V., and de Lourdes Pereira, M. 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