{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:08:29Z","timestamp":1791947309314,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30970636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30970636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30940098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30940098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glycyrol (GC) is one natural active product. Imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like Balb\/c mouse models were established. The model mice were intraperitoneally injected with cyclosporine A (CsA) and GC for 8 days followed by a series of biological detections. GC had little toxicity according to the levels of peripheral blood cells, hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (CRE), while CsA significantly increased the levels of BUN and CRE. GC decreased the splenic index and reduced the expressions of IL-6, IL-23, and CXCL-3 in the model mice and IL-6, CXCL-1, and CXCL-2 in the inflammatory HaCaT cells. The half inhibition concentration (IC50) of GC on HaCaT cells was 29.72 \u03bcmol\/L, resulting in improved apoptosis, enhanced expressions of p21, BAX, and BIK, and reduced expressions of BCL-2. GC is an immunosuppressive agent against psoriasis-like symptoms by anti-inflammatory effects, which provides a strategy for the discovery of anti-psoriatic natural products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T03:25:31Z","timestamp":1702265131000},"page":"17335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Glycyrol Prevents the Progression of Psoriasis-like Skin Inflammation via Immunosuppressive and Anti-Inflammatory Actions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1590-2619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanxia","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanzao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8049-974X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"F217","article-title":"Quercitrin ameliorates the development of systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease in a chronic graft-versus-host murine model","volume":"311","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys.-Ren. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05663","article-title":"Pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis","volume":"445","author":"Lowes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.10.018","article-title":"Lesion area reduction and the amelioration of anxiety and depression states in psoriasis patients: A prospective clinical study","volume":"344","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.118.254672","article-title":"CNS delivery and anti-Inflammatory effects of intranasally administered cyclosporine-A in cationic nanoformulations","volume":"370","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.12.032","article-title":"Paeoniflorin inhibits skin lesions in imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mice by downregulating inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Chen, X., Lu, Y., Sun, X.-Y., Ze, K., Zhou, Y.-Q., Lie, W., Li, X., Li, H.-J., and Li, B. (2022). Celastrol gel ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in mice by targeting Langerhans cells. Biomed. Pharmacother., 147.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112644"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120225","article-title":"Immunology of psoriasis","volume":"32","author":"Lowes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00409-4","article-title":"Long-term safety of oral systemic therapies for psoriasis: A comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Balak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, J., Wang, Y., Xu, J., Zhou, T., Chen, Z., Yang, H., Di, T., and Li, P. (2022). Protective effect of Yangxue Jiedu Soup against psoriasis-like lesions by regulating TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway mediated by secretion of exosome HSP70. Biomed. Pharmacother., 147.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112604"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di, T., Zhao, J., Wang, Y., Han, L., Guo, X., Han, X., Chen, Z., Li, P., and Lu, C. (2021). Tuhuaiyin alleviates imiquimod-induced psoriasis via inhibiting the properties of IL-17-producing cells and remodels the gut microbiota. Biomed. Pharmacother., 141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111884"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174431","article-title":"Curcumin alleviates imiquimod-induced psoriasis in progranulin-knockout mice","volume":"909","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, T.C., Lee, M.-S., Huang, W.-C., Chang, W.-Y., Krueger, J.G., and Tsai, T.-F. (2021). Capsaicin attenuates imiquimod-induced epidermal hyperplasia and cutaneous inflammation in a murine model of psoriasis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111950"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, W., Hu, M., Zang, X., Liu, Q., Du, J., Hu, J., Zhang, L., Du, Z., and Xiang, Z. (2020). Luteolin attenuates imiquimod\u2013induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in BALB\/c mice via suppression of inflammation response. Biomed. Pharmacother., 131.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110696"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.07.068","article-title":"Cellular nanovesicles with bioorthogonal targeting enhance photodynamic\/photothermal therapy in psoriasis","volume":"134","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120826","article-title":"Co-delivery of methotrexate and nicotinamide by cerosomes for topical psoriasis treatment with enhanced efficacy","volume":"605","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2017.02.014","article-title":"GPR43 activation enhances psoriasis-like inflammation through epidermal upregulation of IL-6 and dual oxidase 2 signaling in a murine model","volume":"33","author":"Nadeem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106215","article-title":"Bruton\u2019s tyrosine kinase inhibitor suppresses imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in mice through regulation of IL-23\/IL-17A in innate immune cells","volume":"80","author":"Nadeem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173088","article-title":"Therapeutic treatment with Ibrutinib attenuates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in mice through downregulation of oxidative and inflammatory mediators in neutrophils and dendritic cells","volume":"877","author":"Nadeem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.06.001","article-title":"Imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation is suppressed by BET bromodomain inhibitor in mice through RORC\/IL-17A pathway modulation","volume":"99","author":"Nadeem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.09.023","article-title":"Inhibition of interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase causes reduction in imiquimod-induced psoriasiform inflammation through reduction of Th17 cells and enhancement of Treg cells in mice","volume":"179","author":"Nadeem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Y., Zhou, H., Wang, S., and Wei, Q. (2014). Glycyrol suppresses collagen-induced arthritis by regulating autoimmune and inflammatory responses. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098137"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9012","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04145","article-title":"Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by isogarcinol extracted from Garcinia mangostana L. Mangosteen","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2004.10.023","article-title":"Update on liver transplantation using cyclosporine","volume":"36","author":"Schrem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transpl. Proc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630500423914","article-title":"The use of ciclosporin in psoriasis","volume":"16","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5836","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802999","article-title":"Imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice is mediated via the IL-23\/IL-17 axis","volume":"182","author":"Mourits","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-012-1272-y","article-title":"Assessment of an imiquimod-induced psoriatic mouse model in relation to oxidative stress","volume":"304","author":"Baek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343801","article-title":"TLRs to cytokines: Mechanistic insights from the imiquimod mouse model of psoriasis","volume":"43","author":"Flutter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12127","article-title":"Anti-hepatitis C virus compounds obtained from Glycyrrhiza uralensis and other Glycyrrhiza species","volume":"58","author":"Adianti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2036","article-title":"Biological screening of natural products and drug innovation in China","volume":"362","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115823","article-title":"A review on the plant resources of important medicinal licorice","volume":"301","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"4343239","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of Haizao Yuhu Decoction composed of different varieties of Glycyrrhiza in goiter rats","volume":"2021","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. Ecam"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2008.06.008","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of glycyrol isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages","volume":"8","author":"Shin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.3109\/13880200903573169","article-title":"Immunosuppressive activity on the murine immune responses of glycyrol from Glycyrrhiza uralensis via inhibition of calcineurin activity","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2011.11.007","article-title":"Chemokine receptors in the pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis","volume":"65","author":"Mabuchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175276","article-title":"Inhibition of JAK1\/STAT3 pathway by 2-methoxyestradiol ameliorates psoriatic features in vitro and in an imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model","volume":"933","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117351","article-title":"A composition of ursolic acid derivatives from Ludwigia hyssopifolia induces apoptosis in throat cancer cells via the Akt\/mTOR and mitochondrial signaling pathways and by modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"319","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5777","article-title":"Cryptotanshinone inhibits STAT3 signaling to alleviate cardiac fibrosis in Type 1-like diabetic rats","volume":"31","author":"Lo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2016.07.066","article-title":"Increased \u03b2TrCP are associated with imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice via NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"592","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14688","article-title":"Oestrogen inhibits psoriasis-like dermatitis induced by imiquimod in mice in relation to increased IL-10 producing cells despite elevated expression of IL-22, IL-23, IL-17 mRNA","volume":"32","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000148","article-title":"Distinct roles of IL-23 and IL-17 in the development of psoriasis-like lesions in a mouse model","volume":"186","author":"Nakajima","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e14538","article-title":"D-chiro-inositol as a treatment in plaque psoriasis: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"34","author":"Czerwinska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhary, V., Kaddour-Djebbar, I., Custer, V.E., Uaratanawong, R., Chen, X., Cohen, E., Yang, R., Ajebo, E., Hossack, S., and Bollag, W.B. (2021). Glycerol Improves Skin Lesion Development in the Imiquimod Mouse Model of Psoriasis: Experimental Confirmation of Anecdotal Reports from Patients with Psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168749"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2601","article-title":"The efficacy of the bioadhesive patches containing licorice extract in the management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis","volume":"23","author":"Moghadamnia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2010.08.001","article-title":"Dual inhibitory effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GutGard\u2122) on COX and LOX products","volume":"18","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytomed"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116746","article-title":"Centella asiatica alleviates psoriasis through JAK\/STAT3-mediated inflammation: An in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"317","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Guo, D., Wang, Q., Li, A., Yin, S., Li, S., Li, Y., Wang, B., Guo, T., and Feng, S. (2023). Benzoylaconitine alleviates progression of psoriasis via suppressing STAT3 phosphorylation in keratinocytes. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28114473"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3946320231169175","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320231169175","article-title":"Experimental study on the effect of luteolin on the proliferation, apoptosis and expression of inflammation-related mediators in lipopolysaccharide-induced keratinocytes","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/7651_2013_42","article-title":"Growth and differentiation of HaCaT keratinocytes","volume":"1195","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2008.00775.x","article-title":"Effects of extracellular calcium on the growth-differentiation switch in immortalized keratinocyte HaCaT cells compared with normal human keratinocytes","volume":"18","author":"Micallef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Yang, T., Tang, M., Yang, Z., Pei, H., Ye, H., Tang, Y., Cheng, Z., Lin, P., and Chen, L. (2021). Studies on the anti-psoriasis effects and its mechanism of a dual JAK2\/FLT3 inhibitor flonoltinib maleate. Biomed. Pharmacother., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111373"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6032","article-title":"Antiproliferation of keratinocytes and alleviation of psoriasis by the ethanol extract of Artemisia capillaris","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moudgil, K.D., and Venkatesha, S.H. (2022). The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of natural products to control autoimmune inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010095"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903160","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.903160","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of curcumin in psoriasis: Preclinical and clinical evidence and possible mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e967","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.967","article-title":"Curcumin alleviates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation and regulates gut microbiota of mice","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000083509","article-title":"The psoriasis area and severity index is the adequate criterion to define severity in chronic plaque-type psoriasis","volume":"210","author":"Schmitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-1049-1","article-title":"Assessment of splenic function","volume":"29","author":"Lammers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230600867727","article-title":"Normal structure, function, and histology of the spleen","volume":"34","author":"Cesta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/24\/17335\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:36:26Z","timestamp":1760132186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/24\/17335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242417335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242417335","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]}}}