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Inflammation in the brain is marked by the upregulation of translocator protein (TSPO) in microglia. High TSPO levels are also found, for example, in macrophages in cases of rheumatoid arthritis and in malignant tumor cells compared to their relatively low physiological expression. The same applies for cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2), which is constitutively expressed in the kidney, brain, thymus and gastrointestinal tract, but induced in microglia, macrophages and synoviocytes during inflammation. This puts TSPO and COX-2 in the spotlight as important targets for the diagnosis of inflammation. Imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography and single-photon emission tomography, can be used to localize inflammatory processes and to track their progression over time. They could also enable the monitoring of the efficacy of therapy and predict its outcome. This review focuses on the current development of PET and SPECT tracers, not only for the detection of neuroinflammation, but also for emerging diagnostic measures in infectious and other non-infectious diseases such as rheumatic arthritis, cancer, cardiac inflammation and in lung diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T04:14:42Z","timestamp":1702440882000},"page":"17419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Radiotracers for Imaging of Inflammatory Biomarkers TSPO and COX-2 in the Brain and in the Periphery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Bright Chukwunwike","family":"Uzuegbunam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5457-4390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Rummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Mind Brain and Behavior, Universities Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damiano","family":"Librizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5121-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Culmsee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind Brain and Behavior, Universities Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0679-4449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behrooz","family":"Hooshyar Yousefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.147","article-title":"An 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) polymorphism explains differences in binding affinity of the PET radioligand PBR28","volume":"32","author":"Owen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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