{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:52:29Z","timestamp":1790635949294,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Andalusian Regional Government (CTS-202 Endocrinology and Metabolism Group)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most prevalent type of progressive hair loss and has psychological repercussions. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of current pharmacological treatments remains limited, in part because the molecular basis of the disease has not been fully elucidated. Our group previously highlighted the important roles of aromatase and 5\u03b1-reductase (5\u03b1-R) in alopecia in young women with female pattern hair loss. Additionally, an association has been proposed between AGA and prostate cancer (PCa), suggesting that genes implicated in PCa would also be involved in AGA. A low-invasive, sensitive, and precise method was used to determine mRNA levels of aromatase, 5\u03b1-R isozymes, and 84 PCa-related genes in samples of plucked hair from young men with AGA and controls. Samples were obtained with a trichogram from the vertex scalp, and mRNA levels were quantified using real-time RT-PCR. The men with AGA had significantly higher 5\u03b1-R2 mRNA levels in comparison to controls; interestingly, some of them also showed markedly elevated mRNA levels of 5\u03b1-R1 or 5\u03b1-R3 or of both, which may explain the varied response to 5\u03b1-R inhibitor treatments. The men with AGA also showed significant changes versus controls in 6 out of the 84 genes implicated in PCa. This study contributes greater knowledge of the molecular bases of AGA, facilitating early selection of the most appropriate pharmacological therapy and opening the way to novel treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T03:58:02Z","timestamp":1702526282000},"page":"17461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["mRNA Levels of Aromatase, 5\u03b1-Reductase Isozymes, and Prostate Cancer-Related Genes in Plucked Hair from Young Men with Androgenic Alopecia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4546-5525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Serrano Falc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Guadix, 18500 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6675-1550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Mart\u00ednez Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9361-6258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas M.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvio","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esperanza","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000051723","article-title":"Teloptosis, a turning point in hair shedding biorhythms","volume":"203","author":"Pierard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1951.tb31971.x","article-title":"Patterned loss of hair in man; types and incidence","volume":"53","author":"Hamilton","year":"1951","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"179","article-title":"Androgenetic alopecia: Current status","volume":"50","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14983","article-title":"The psychological consequences of androgenetic alopecia: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Aukerman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-022-00799-7","article-title":"Comorbidities in Androgenetic Alopecia: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdvl.IJDVL_262_17","article-title":"Genetic and molecular aspects of androgenetic alopecia","volume":"84","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2017.12.027","article-title":"A hypothetical pathogenesis model for androgenic alopecia: Clarifying the dihydrotestosterone paradox and rate-limiting recovery factors","volume":"111","author":"English","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1280-y","article-title":"Androgenetic alopecia: A review","volume":"57","author":"Lolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01261.x","article-title":"Polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene is associated with male pattern baldness","volume":"116","author":"Ellis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-017-1798-0","article-title":"5\u03b1-Reductase isozymes and aromatase mRNA levels in plucked hair from young women with female pattern hair loss","volume":"310","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.5743","article-title":"Relative efficacy of minoxidil and the 5-\u03b1 reductase inhibitors in androgenetic alopecia treatment of male patients: A network meta-analysis","volume":"158","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Steroid 5a-reductase deficiency in man: An inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism","volume":"86","author":"Guerrero","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1992.tb01367.x","article-title":"Immunohistochemical distribution of aromatase and 3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human hair follicle and sebaceous gland","volume":"19","author":"Sawaya","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.180040","article-title":"Role of Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer: A Review","volume":"37","author":"Fujita","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Mens. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00764-x","article-title":"Androgen receptor regulates eIF5A2 expression and promotes prostate cancer metastasis via EMT","volume":"7","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01376-z","article-title":"Urinary oestrogen steroidome as an indicator of the risk of localised prostate cancer progression","volume":"125","author":"Emond","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007133430201","article-title":"Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer--analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland","volume":"343","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1747.2003.12615.x","article-title":"Genetic basis of male pattern baldness","volume":"121","author":"Nyholt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.3813","article-title":"The association of male pattern baldness and risk of cancer and high-grade disease among men presenting for prostate biopsy","volume":"10","author":"Bhindi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. Urol. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"325","article-title":"Early onset baldness and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol","volume":"9","author":"Schildkraut","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11379","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011379","article-title":"Male pattern baldness and incidence of prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4103\/ejdv.ejdv_46_19","article-title":"Role of serum androgens and prostate-specific antigen levels in men with androgenetic alopecia","volume":"40","author":"Khaled","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Dermat. Vener."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"23","article-title":"The relationship between androgenic alopecia and prostate cancer","volume":"5","author":"Rokni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Res. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq695","article-title":"Male pattern baldness and the risk of prostate cancer","volume":"22","author":"Yassa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2010.05.020","article-title":"Androgenic alopecia is not useful as an indicator of men at high risk of prostate cancer","volume":"46","author":"Cremers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, W.J., Song, L.Y., Peng, Z., Zou, Y., and Dai, S.M. (2018). Possible association between androgenic alopecia and risk of prostate cancer and testicular germ cell tumor: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4194-z"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2010.02.003","article-title":"Male pattern baldness and prostate cancer risk in a population-based case-control study","volume":"34","author":"Wright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12335779","article-title":"Different levels of 5alpha-reductase type I and II, aromatase, and androgen receptor in hair follicles of women and men with androgenetic alopecia","volume":"109","author":"Sawaya","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2875","article-title":"5 alpha-reductase type 2 is constitutively expressed in the dermal papilla and connective tissue sheath of the hair follicle in vivo but not during culture in vitro","volume":"86","author":"Asada","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Neste, D. (1996). Hair Research for the Next Millennium, VREPB."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17738","article-title":"Topical Finasteride Study Group. Efficacy and safety of topical finasteride spray solution for male androgenetic alopecia: A phase III, randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"36","author":"Piraccini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"555","article-title":"Clinical dose ranging studies with finasteride, a type 2 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, in men with male pattern hair loss","volume":"41","author":"Roberts","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530121","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/530121","article-title":"The 5 Alpha-Reductase Isozyme Family: A Review of Basic Biology and Their Role in Human Diseases","volume":"2012","author":"Azzouni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Urol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S192435","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of dutasteride compared with finasteride in treating men with androgenetic alopecia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"4499","article-title":"Comprehensive gene expression analysis of prostate cancer reveals distinct transcriptional programs associated with metastatic disease","volume":"62","author":"LaTulippe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0495-401","article-title":"In vivo amplification of the androgen receptor gene and progression of human prostate cancer","volume":"9","author":"Visakorpi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0778","article-title":"The E211 G>A androgen receptor polymorphism is associated with a decreased risk of metastatic prostate cancer and androgenetic alopecia","volume":"14","author":"Hayes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"2132","article-title":"Interleukin 6 activates androgen receptor-mediated gene expression through a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-dependent pathway in LNCaP prostate cancer cells","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(20000215)42:3<239::AID-PROS10>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Interleukin-6 induces prostate cancer cell growth accompanied by activation of stat3 signaling pathway","volume":"42","author":"Lou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4815","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-0640","article-title":"Interleukin-6 regulates androgen synthesis in prostate cancer cells","volume":"15","author":"Chun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.274","article-title":"Dihydrotestosterone-inducible IL-6 inhibits elongation of human hair shafts by suppressing matrix cell proliferation and promotes regression of hair follicles in mice","volume":"132","author":"Kwack","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaiyana, W., Punyoyai, C., Somwongin, S., Leelapornpisid, P., Ingkaninan, K., Waranuch, N., Srivilai, J., Thitipramote, N., Wisuitiprot, W., and Schuster, R. (2017). Inhibition of 5\u03b1-Reductase, IL-6 Secretion, and Oxidation Process of Equisetum debile Roxb. ex Vaucher Extract as Functional Food and Nutraceuticals Ingredients. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101105"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55617-4_1","article-title":"Interleukin-6 Function and Targeting in Prostate Cancer","volume":"1290","author":"Culig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(02)01156-3","article-title":"Molecular biology of the Ets family of transcription factors","volume":"303","author":"Oikawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.211011.112","article-title":"ETV1 directs androgen metabolism and confers aggressive prostate cancer in targeted mice and patients","volume":"27","author":"Baena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8921","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8921","article-title":"Androgen up-regulation of Twist1 gene expression is mediated by ETV1","volume":"8","author":"Khatiwada","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.03.032","article-title":"Differential Expression between Human Dermal Papilla Cells from Balding and Non-Balding Scalps Reveals New Candidate Genes for Androgenetic Alopecia","volume":"13","author":"Chew","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2009.322","article-title":"Castration resistance of prostate cancer cells caused by castration-induced oxidative stress through Twist1 and androgen receptor overexpression","volume":"29","author":"Shiota","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefanski, C.D., and Prosperi, J.R. (2020). Wnt-Independent and Wnt-Dependent Effects of APC Loss on the Chemotherapeutic Response. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217844"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5458.1606","article-title":"Wnt signalling in oncogenesis and embryogenesis\u2014A look outside the nucleus","volume":"287","author":"Peifer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18356","article-title":"Deciphering the molecular morphology of the human hair cycle: Wnt signalling during the telogen-anagen transformation","volume":"182","author":"Hawkshaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15011647","article-title":"Signaling involved in hair follicle morphogenesis and development","volume":"15","author":"Rishikaysh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(02)00167-3","article-title":"WNT signals are required for the initiation of hair follicle development","volume":"2","author":"Thomas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95650-y","article-title":"Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma activates Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in dermal papilla cells","volume":"11","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10856.x","article-title":"Hair follicle stem cell differentiation is inhibited through cross-talk between Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin and androgen signalling in dermal papilla cells from patients with androgenetic alopecia","volume":"166","author":"Attorresi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24963","article-title":"\u03b2-arrestin2 contributes to cell viability and proliferation via the down-regulation of FOXO1 in castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"230","author":"Duan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8773423","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8773423","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of FOXO1 as a Tumor Suppressor in Prostate Cancer","volume":"2021","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34741","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M314214200","article-title":"Abnormal angiogenesis in Foxo1 (Fkhr)-deficient mice","volume":"279","author":"Furuyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI11317","article-title":"Control of hair growth and follicle size by VEGF-mediated angiogenesis","volume":"107","author":"Yano","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8043","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-0648","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidase 3, deleted or methylated in prostate cancer, suppresses prostate cancer growth and metastasis","volume":"67","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.12.001","article-title":"Hair Follicle Stem Cells Feel the Pressure","volume":"29","author":"Hinnant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jadkauskaite, L., Coulombe, P.A., Schafer, M., DinkovaKostova, A.T., Paus, R., and Haslam, I.S. (2017). Oxidative Stress Management in the Hair Follicle: Could Targeting Nrf2 Counter Age-Related Hair. Disorders and Beyond?. Bioessays, 39.","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201700029"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"867","article-title":"Hair and scalp evaluation: The trichogram","volume":"104","year":"2013","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, B., S\u00e1nchez, P., Torres, J.M., Preda, O., del Moral, R.G., and Ortega, E. (2013). Bisphenol A exposure during adulthood alters expression of aromatase and 5\u03b1-reductase isozymes in rat prostate. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055905"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.2002.0405","article-title":"A method for the rapid construction of cRNA standard curves in quantitative realtime reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction","volume":"16","author":"Fronhoffs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Probes"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/24\/17461\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:38:35Z","timestamp":1760132315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/24\/17461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242417461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242417461","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]}}}