{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:43:40Z","timestamp":1760150620130,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP21K18860","JP22K14531","JP23H04610","JPMJFS2106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K18860","JP22K14531","JP23H04610","JPMJFS2106"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"JST","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21K18860","JP22K14531","JP23H04610","JPMJFS2106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K18860","JP22K14531","JP23H04610","JPMJFS2106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japan MEXT","award":["JP21K18860","JP22K14531","JP23H04610","JPMJFS2106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K18860","JP22K14531","JP23H04610","JPMJFS2106"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The photoinduced crawling motion of crystals is a continuous motion that azobenzene molecular crystals exhibit under light irradiation. Such motion enables object manipulation at the microscale with a simple setup of fixed LED light sources. Transportation of nano-\/micromaterials using photoinduced crawling motion has recently been reported. However, the details of the motion mechanism have not been revealed so far. Herein, we report visualization of the dynamics of fine particles in 4-(methylamino)azobenzene (4-MAAB) crystals under light irradiation via diffracted X-ray tracking (DXT). Continuously repeated melting and recrystallization of 4-MAAB crystals under light irradiation results in the flow of liquid 4-MAAB. Zinc oxide (ZnO) particles were introduced inside the 4-MAAB crystals to detect diffracted X-rays. The ZnO particles rotate with the flow of liquid 4-MAAB. By using white X-rays with a wide energy width, the rotation of each zinc oxide nanoparticle was detected as the movement of a bright spot in the X-ray diffraction pattern. It was clearly shown that the ZnO particles rotated increasingly as the irradiation light intensity increased. Furthermore, we also found anisotropy in the rotational direction of ZnO particles that occurred during the crawling motion of 4-MAAB crystals. It has become clear that the flow perpendicular to the supporting film of 4-MAAB crystals is enhanced inside the crystal during the crawling motion. DXT provides a unique means to elucidate the mechanism of photoinduced crawling motion of crystals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T03:58:02Z","timestamp":1702526282000},"page":"17462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Visualization of the Dynamics of Photoinduced Crawling Motion of 4-(Methylamino)Azobenzene Crystals via Diffracted X-ray Tracking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5817-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichiro","family":"Saito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouhei","family":"Ichiyanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo 679-5198, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Fukaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rie","family":"Haruki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Nozawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2328-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3403-237X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji C.","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2348-8814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keegan","family":"McGehee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Saikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minghao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Kwaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Norikane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Ibaraki, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1021\/nn800829k","article-title":"Can 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