{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:17:57Z","timestamp":1775665077244,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Scientific Fund of the Mayor of the City of Vienna","award":["22099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22099"]}]},{"name":"Medical Scientific Fund of the Mayor of the City of Vienna","award":["22100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22100"]}]},{"name":"Medical Scientific Fund of the Mayor of the City of Vienna","award":["21122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyomaviruses are widespread, with BK viruses being most common in humans who require immunosuppression due to allotransplantation. Infection with BK polyomavirus (BKV) may manifest as BK virus-associated nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis. Established diagnostic methods include the detection of polyomavirus in urine and blood by PCR and in tissue biopsies via immunohistochemistry. In this study, 79 patients with pathological renal retention parameters and acute kidney injury (AKI) were screened for BK polyomavirus replication by RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and virus-specific qPCR in urine sediment cells. A short fragment of the VP2 coding region was the target of qPCR amplification; patients with (n = 31) and without (n = 48) a history of renal transplantation were included. Urine sediment cell immunofluorescence staining for VP1 BK polyomavirus protein was performed using confocal microscopy. In 22 patients with acute renal injury, urinary sediment cells from 11 participants with kidney transplantation (KTX) and from 11 non-kidney transplanted patients (nonKTX) were positive for BK virus replication. BK virus copies were found more frequently in patients with AKI stage III (n = 14). Higher copy numbers were detected in KTX patients having experienced BK polyoma-nephropathy (BKPyVAN) in the past or diagnosed recently by histology (5.6 \u00d7 109\u20133.1 \u00d7 1010). One patient developed BK viremia following delayed graft function (DGF) with BK virus-positive urine sediment. In nonKTX patients with BK copies, decoy cells were absent; however, positive staining of cells was found with epithelial morphology. Decoy cells were only found in KTX patients with BKPyVAN. In AKI, damage to the tubular epithelium itself may render the epithelial cells more permissive for polyoma replication. This non-invasive diagnostic approach to assess BK polyomavirus replication in urine sediment cells has the potential to identify KTX patients at risk for viremia and BKPyVAN during AKI. This method might serve as a valuable screening tool for close monitoring and tailored immunosuppression decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T06:53:16Z","timestamp":1702623196000},"page":"17511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Acute Kidney Injury and BK Polyomavirus in Urine Sediment Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sahra","family":"Pajenda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela Anna","family":"Gerges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4473-8894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimundo","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n, Fundaci\u00f3n Canaria Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnolog\u00edas Biom\u00e9dicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas de Canarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Campus Ciencias de la Salud, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias (UFP-C), 35450 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludwig","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9341-9892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsofia","family":"Hevesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Aiad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6341-1275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Eder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0511-6120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Winnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farsad Alexander","family":"Eskandary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.18842-0","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of the human polyomaviruses","volume":"84","author":"Stolt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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