{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T13:20:34Z","timestamp":1779196834010,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University","award":["GR4867\/3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR4867\/3"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Measures for the Promotion of Young Scientists at RWTH Aachen University (RFwN) and the German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR4867\/3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR4867\/3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive fungal (IF) diseases are a leading global cause of mortality, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further exacerbated this scenario, intensifying comorbid IF infections such as mucormycoses of the nasopharynx. In the work reported here, it is shown that zygomycetes, significant contributors to mycoses, are sensitive to the natural product allicin. Inhibition of Mucorales fungi by allicin in solution and by allicin vapor was demonstrated. Mathematical modeling showed that the efficacy of allicin vapor is comparable to direct contact with the commercially available antifungal agent amphotericin B (ampB). Furthermore, the study revealed a synergistic interaction between allicin and the non-volatile ampB. The toxicity of allicin solution to human cell lines was evaluated and it was found that the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of allicin was 25\u201372 times higher in the cell lines as compared to the fungal spores. Fungal allicin sensitivity depends on the spore concentration, as demonstrated in a drop test. This study shows the potential of allicin, a sulfur-containing defense compound from garlic, to combat zygomycete fungi. The findings underscore allicin\u2019s promise for applications in infections of the nasopharynx via inhalation, suggesting a novel therapeutic avenue against challenging fungal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T08:12:57Z","timestamp":1702627977000},"page":"17519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Combating Black Fungus: Using Allicin as a Potent Antifungal Agent against Mucorales"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5613-5615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Schier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstra\u00dfe 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2373-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin C. H.","family":"Gruhlke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENAWIF e.V.\u2014Society for Natural Compound and Active Ingredient Research, Lukasstra\u00dfe 1, 52070 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Applied Microbiology\u2014iAMB, Aachener Biology and Biotechnology\u2014ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Reucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstra\u00dfe 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3311-5878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan J.","family":"Slusarenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"GENAWIF e.V.\u2014Society for Natural Compound and Active Ingredient Research, Lukasstra\u00dfe 1, 52070 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5658-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lothar","family":"Rink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstra\u00dfe 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165rv13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. 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