{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T05:07:26Z","timestamp":1784351246777,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-15-00321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-15-00321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review is focused on synephrine, the principal phytochemical found in bitter orange and other medicinal plants and widely used as a dietary supplement for weight loss\/body fat reduction. We examine different aspects of synephrine biology, delving into its established and potential molecular targets, as well as its mechanisms of action. We present an overview of the origin, chemical composition, receptors, and pharmacological properties of synephrine, including its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity in various in vitro and animal models. Additionally, we conduct a comparative analysis of the molecular targets and effects of synephrine with those of its metabolite, selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist (SEGRA) Compound A (CpdA), which shares a similar chemical structure with synephrine. SEGRAs, including CpdA, have been extensively studied as glucocorticoid receptor activators that have a better benefit\/risk profile than glucocorticoids due to their reduced adverse effects. We discuss the potential of synephrine usage as a template for the synthesis of new generation of non-steroidal SEGRAs. The review also provides insights into the safe pharmacological profile of synephrine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T03:59:24Z","timestamp":1702871964000},"page":"17537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Synephrine and Its Derivative Compound A: Common and Specific Biological Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8491-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana A.","family":"Dodonova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Kursk State Medical University, 305041 Kursk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3318-9391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina M.","family":"Zhidkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3181-7828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey A.","family":"Kryukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Kursk State Medical University, 305041 Kursk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timur T.","family":"Valiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8599-6833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill I.","family":"Kirsanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Oncology, Ryazan State Medical University Named after Academician I.P. Pavlov, 390026 Ryazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny P.","family":"Kulikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Single Cell Biology, Russian University of People\u2019s Friendship (RUDN) University, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5880-6822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina V.","family":"Budunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9710-8178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna G.","family":"Yakubovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Oncology, Ryazan State Medical University Named after Academician I.P. Pavlov, 390026 Ryazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1967-9637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Lesovaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Oncology, Ryazan State Medical University Named after Academician I.P. Pavlov, 390026 Ryazan, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Single Cell Biology, Russian University of People\u2019s Friendship (RUDN) University, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Moreno, C., Del Coso, J., Gir\u00e1ldez-Costas, V., Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda, J., and Guti\u00e9rrez-Hell\u00edn, J. (2021). Effects of p-Synephrine during Exercise: A Brief Narrative Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010233"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3311","article-title":"Actions of p-Synephrine on Hepatic Enzyme Activities Linked to Carbohydrate Metabolism and ATP Levels in Vivo and in the Perfused Rat Liver","volume":"36","author":"Maldonado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. 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