{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T16:28:03Z","timestamp":1788107283883,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technology Innovation 2030\u2014Major Projects","award":["2023ZD04051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD04051"]}]},{"name":"Technology Innovation 2030\u2014Major Projects","award":["2021YFF1000700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF1000700"]}]},{"name":"Technology Innovation 2030\u2014Major Projects","award":["2016ZX08008-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016ZX08008-001"]}]},{"name":"Technology Innovation 2030\u2014Major Projects","award":["32002145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002145"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023ZD04051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD04051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFF1000700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF1000700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016ZX08008-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016ZX08008-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32002145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Major Project for Cultivation Technology of New Varieties of Genetically Modified Organisms of the Ministry of Agriculture","award":["2023ZD04051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD04051"]}]},{"name":"Major Project for Cultivation Technology of New Varieties of Genetically Modified Organisms of the Ministry of Agriculture","award":["2021YFF1000700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF1000700"]}]},{"name":"Major Project for Cultivation Technology of New Varieties of Genetically Modified Organisms of the Ministry of Agriculture","award":["2016ZX08008-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016ZX08008-001"]}]},{"name":"Major Project for Cultivation Technology of New Varieties of Genetically Modified Organisms of the Ministry of Agriculture","award":["32002145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002145"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023ZD04051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD04051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFF1000700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF1000700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016ZX08008-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016ZX08008-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32002145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease characterized by the immune system attacking self hair follicles, mainly in the scalp. There is no complete cure, and the pathogenesis is still not fully understood. Here, sequencing of skin tissues collected from 1-month-old coarse- and fine-wool lambs identified miR-199a-3p as the only small RNA significantly overexpressed in the fine-wool group, suggesting a role in hair follicle development. MiR-199a-3p expression was concentrated in the dermal papillae cells of sheep hair follicles, along with enhanced \u03b2-catenin expression and the inhibition of PTPRF protein expression. We also successfully constructed a mouse model of alopecia areata by intracutaneous injection with an miR-199a-3p antagomir. Injection of the miR-199a-3p agomir resulted in hair growth and earlier anagen entry. Conversely, local injection with the miR-199a-3p antagomir resulted in suppressed hair growth at the injection site, upregulation of immune system-related genes, and downregulation of hair follicle development-related genes. In vivo and in vitro analyses demonstrated that miR-199a-3p regulates hair follicle development through the PTPRF\/\u03b2-catenin axis. In conclusion, a mouse model of alopecia areata was successfully established by downregulation of a small RNA, suggesting the potential value of miR-199a-3p in the study of alopecia diseases. The regulatory role of miR-199a-3p in the PTPRF\/\u03b2-catenin axis was confirmed, further demonstrating the link between alopecia areata and the Wnt-signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T11:28:07Z","timestamp":1702898887000},"page":"17632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["MiR-199a-3p Regulates the PTPRF\/\u03b2-Catenin Axis in Hair Follicle Development: Insights into the Pathogenic Mechanism of Alopecia Areata"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jiankui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement & State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding & Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement & State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding & Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement & State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding & Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinnan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement & State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding & Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement & State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding & Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6470-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoying","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement & State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding & Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganxian","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement & State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding & Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3451-8118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement & State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding & Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhexi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement & State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding & Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keliang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement & State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding & Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement & State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding & Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03692.x","article-title":"Clinical significance of dermoscopy in alopecia areata: Analysis of 300 cases","volume":"47","author":"Inui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2200166","article-title":"Baricitinib as the first systemic treatment for severe alopecia areata","volume":"19","author":"Kincaid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S334727","article-title":"Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Ritlecitinib for the Treatment of Alopecia Areata","volume":"16","author":"Tosti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.10.079","article-title":"Risk of skin disorders in patients with celiac disease: A population-based cohort study","volume":"85","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.6085","article-title":"Prevalence and Odds of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders and Symptoms in Children and Adults With Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"159","author":"Lauron","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1610-0387.2003.03553.x-i1","article-title":"Alopecia areata in animal models--new insights into pathogenesis and treatment of a T cell-mediated autoimmune disorder","volume":"2","author":"Happle","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13559","article-title":"The global burden of disease associated with alopecia areata","volume":"172","author":"Karimkhani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.08.011","article-title":"Psychosomatic aspects of alopecia areata","volume":"36","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18848","article-title":"Quality of life in children and adolescents with alopecia areata-A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Prendke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2003.01340.x","article-title":"Alopecia areata: Psychiatric comorbidity and adjustment to illness","volume":"42","author":"Carrizosa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.04.077","article-title":"Treatment of pediatric alopecia areata: A systematic review","volume":"86","author":"Barton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-020-00673-w","article-title":"Alopecia areata: A review on diagnosis, immunological etiopathogenesis and treatment options","volume":"21","author":"Sterkens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exper. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16858","article-title":"Utility of azathioprine, methotrexate and cyclosporine as steroid-sparing agents in chronic alopecia areata: A retrospective study of continuation rates in 138 patients","volume":"34","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.004","article-title":"The Alopecia Areata Consensus of Experts (ACE) study: Results of an international expert opinion on treatments for alopecia areata","volume":"83","author":"Meah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12165.x","article-title":"Alopecia areata: Treatment of today and tomorrow","volume":"8","author":"Happle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2022.10.007","article-title":"Factors influencing alopecia areata treatment decisions: A qualitative assessment","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAAD Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16808","article-title":"Alopecia areata: A review of disease pathogenesis","volume":"179","author":"Rajabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crimmu.2021.02.001","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of alopecia areata","volume":"2","author":"Olayinka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jidsp.5640214","article-title":"The genetic basis of alopecia areata: HLA associations with patchy alopecia areata versus alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis","volume":"4","author":"Colombe","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S266409","article-title":"Alopecia Areata: An Autoimmune Disease of Multiple Players","volume":"10","author":"Suchonwanit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2012.08.014","article-title":"Genetic basis of alopecia areata: A roadmap for translational research","volume":"31","author":"Jabbari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2011.01.007","article-title":"Environmental stress but not subjective distress in children or adolescents with alopecia areata","volume":"71","author":"Gurpegui","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychosomat. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2011.66","article-title":"Medical and environmental risk factors for the development of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia: A population study","volume":"147","author":"Kyei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-249-6_1","article-title":"The canonical Wnt\/beta-catenin signalling pathway","volume":"468","author":"Barker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3632","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26571","article-title":"Phosphorylated Tyr142 beta-catenin localizes to centrosomes and is regulated by Syk","volume":"119","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.7.2287-2297.2003","article-title":"p120 Catenin-associated Fer and Fyn tyrosine kinases regulate beta-catenin Tyr-142 phosphorylation and beta-catenin-alpha-catenin Interaction","volume":"23","author":"Piedra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5857","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.17.5857-5868.2001","article-title":"Oncogenic mutants of RON and MET receptor tyrosine kinases cause activation of the beta-catenin pathway","volume":"21","author":"Miagkov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.H., Park, S.Y., Jun, Y., Kim, J.Y., and Nam, J.S. (2017). Roles of Wnt Target Genes in the Journey of Cancer Stem Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081604"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M082602","article-title":"miR-103\/107 promote ER stress-mediated apoptosis via targeting the Wnt3a\/beta-catenin\/ATF6 pathway in preadipocytes","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011050490","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-7 as a surrogate marker predicts renal Wnt\/beta-catenin activity in CKD","volume":"23","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellbi.2009.01.016","article-title":"Chronological expression of Wnt target genes Ccnd1, Myc, Cdkn1a, Tfrc, Plf1 and Ramp3","volume":"33","author":"Rohrs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2021.03.006","article-title":"Evaluation of the level of serum Interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, IL-15 andIL-17) and its relationship with disease severity in patients with alopecia areata","volume":"96","author":"Askin","year":"2021","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4103\/ijt.ijt_80_18","article-title":"Serum Interleukin-15 is a Marker of Alopecia Areata Severity","volume":"11","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Trichology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6166","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.11.6166","article-title":"Altered cell adhesion activity by pervanadate due to the dissociation of alpha-catenin from the E-cadherin.catenin complex","volume":"273","author":"Ozawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2006.09.006","article-title":"BCL9-2 binds Arm\/beta-catenin in a Tyr142-independent manner and requires Pygopus for its function in Wg\/Wnt signaling","volume":"124","author":"Hoffmans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2013.11.023","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling in dermal condensates is required for hair follicle formation","volume":"385","author":"Tsai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01670.x","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms regulating hair follicle development","volume":"118","author":"Millar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7551","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01034-07","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin is essential for intestinal homeostasis and maintenance of intestinal stem cells","volume":"27","author":"Fevr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81631-1","article-title":"De Novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated beta-catenin in skin","volume":"95","author":"Gat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2019.1597109","article-title":"The Association between Genetic Variation in Wnt Transcription Factor TCF7L2 (TCF4) and Alopecia Areata","volume":"48","author":"Rajabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.5070\/D327553612","article-title":"Alopecia areata in a patient with WNT10A heterozygous ectodermal dysplasia","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2010.32","article-title":"Peripheral blood gene expression in alopecia areata reveals molecular pathways distinguishing heritability, disease and severity","volume":"11","author":"Coda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4041","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-06922-6","article-title":"Alopecia areata-like pattern of baldness: The most recent update and the expansion of novel phenotype and genotype in the CTNNB1 gene","volume":"44","author":"Moeinafshar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05766","article-title":"Wnt-dependent de novo hair follicle regeneration in adult mouse skin after wounding","volume":"447","author":"Ito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12171","article-title":"Assessment of tissue levels of dickkopf-1 in androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata","volume":"15","author":"Fawzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(T)(-Delta Delta C) method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp120","article-title":"TopHat: Discovering splice junctions with RNA-Seq","volume":"25","author":"Trapnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e166","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt646","article-title":"Utilizing sequence intrinsic composition to classify protein-coding and long non-coding transcripts","volume":"41","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W345","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm391","article-title":"CPC: Assess the protein-coding potential of transcripts using sequence features and support vector machine","volume":"35","author":"Kong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D222","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1223","article-title":"Pfam: The protein families database","volume":"42","author":"Finn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i275","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr209","article-title":"PhyloCSF: A comparative genomics method to distinguish protein coding and non-coding regions","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e243","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.243","article-title":"PhyloSift: Phylogenetic analysis of genomes and metagenomes","volume":"2","author":"Darling","year":"2014","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W216","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac194","article-title":"DAVID: A web server for functional enrichment analysis and functional annotation of gene lists (2021 update)","volume":"50","author":"Sherman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211","article-title":"Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09234-6","article-title":"Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/24\/17632\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:41:04Z","timestamp":1760132464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/24\/17632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242417632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242417632","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]}}}