{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T05:00:33Z","timestamp":1789275633402,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plastic pollution is an important environmental problem, and microplastics have been shown to have harmful effects on human and animal health, affecting immune and metabolic physiological functions. Further, microplastics can interfere with commensal microorganisms and exert deleterious effects on exposure to pathogens. Here, we compared the effects of 1 \u00b5m diameter polystyrene microplastic (PSMPs) on Candida albicans infection in both in vitro and in vivo models by using HT29 cells and Galleria mellonella larvae, respectively. The results demonstrated that PSMPs could promote Candida infection in HT29 cells and larvae of G. mellonella, which show immune responses similar to vertebrates. In this study, we provide new experimental evidence for the risk to human health posed by PSMPs in conjunction with Candida infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T04:18:37Z","timestamp":1702959517000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Polystyrene Microplastics Exacerbate Candida albicans Infection Ability In Vitro and In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4981-8837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Maione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2118-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariangela","family":"Norcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marica","family":"Sinoca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0174-0209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilena","family":"Galdiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81100 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1452-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Maselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0436-4621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia","family":"Feola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9207-9657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Carotenuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4504-1714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Cuomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Capparelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6805-0408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Guida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8116-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Galdiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0205","article-title":"Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments","volume":"364","author":"Barnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. 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