{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T12:13:48Z","timestamp":1769602428569,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Israeli Innovation Authority","award":["74260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["74260"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a major health concern with urgent unmet need for treatment options. There are three million new ARDS cases annually, and the disease\u2019s mortality rate is high (35\u201346%). Cluster of differentiation 24 (CD24), a long-known protein with multifaceted functions, is a small, heavily glycosylated, membrane-anchored protein which functions as an immune checkpoint control. CD24 allows for immune discrimination between Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns derived from pathogens. Exosomes are intraluminal vesicles which play an important role in intercellular communication. Exosomes offer the advantage of targeted delivery, which improves safety and efficacy. The safety and efficacy of EXO-CD24 is promising, as was shown in &gt;180 ARDS patients in phase 1b\/2a, phase 2b, and compassionate use. CD24 binds Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and inhibits the activation of the NF-\u0138B pathway, a pivotal mediator of inflammatory responses. In contrast to anti-inflammatory therapies that are cytokine-specific or steroids that shut down the entire immune system, EXO-CD24 acts upstream, reverting the immune system back to normal activity. Herein, the safety and efficacy of mEXO-CD24 is shown in murine models of several pulmonary diseases (sepsis, allergic asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD), fibrosis). EXO CD24 can suppress the hyperinflammatory response in the lungs in several pulmonary diseases with a significant unmet need for treatment options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T07:20:31Z","timestamp":1703056831000},"page":"77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Inhaled CD24-Enriched Exosomes (EXO-CD24) as a Novel Immune Modulator in Respiratory Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3974-5910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiran","family":"Shapira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion Center and Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reut","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0463-4321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotirios","family":"Tsiodras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital Attikon, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Bar-Shai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion Center and Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2036-1212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariel","family":"Melloul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion Center and Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Borsekofsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Peer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nimrod","family":"Adi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3164-1607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronan","family":"MacLoughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadir","family":"Arber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion Center and Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01439-8","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults: Diagnosis, outcomes, long-term sequelae, and management","volume":"400","author":"Gorman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramji, H.F., Hafiz, M., Altaq, H.H., Hussain, S.T., and Chaudry, F. 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