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therapy for the treatment of refractory epilepsy. However, the mechanisms behind its effectiveness are not fully understood. Our aim was to develop a VNS protocol for the Genetic Audiogenic Seizure Hamster from Salamanca (GASH\/Sal) in order to evaluate the mechanisms of action of the therapy. The rodents were subject to VNS for 14 days using clinical stimulation parameters by implanting a clinically available neurostimulation device or our own prototype for laboratory animals. The neuroethological assessment of seizures and general behavior were performed before surgery, and after 7, 10, and 14 days of VNS. Moreover, potential side effects were examined. Finally, the expression of 23 inflammatory markers in plasma and the left-brain hemisphere was evaluated. VNS significantly reduced seizure severity in GASH\/Sal without side effects. No differences were observed between the neurostimulation devices. GASH\/Sal treated with VNS showed statistically significant reduced levels of interleukin IL-1\u03b2, monocyte chemoattractant protein MCP-1, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-3), and tumor necrosis factor TNF-\u03b1 in the brain. The described experimental design allows for the study of VNS effects and mechanisms of action using an implantable device. This was achieved in a model of convulsive seizures in which VNS is effective and shows an anti-inflammatory effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T11:24:33Z","timestamp":1703071473000},"page":"91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on the GASH\/Sal Audiogenic-Seizure-Prone Hamster"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1577-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Gon\u00e7alves-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y Le\u00f3n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5236-8016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Consuelo","family":"Sancho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y Le\u00f3n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1450-7246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dolores E.","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y Le\u00f3n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6692-878X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando","family":"Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y Le\u00f3n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8950-8542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cenador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0157-1844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Servilha-Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2829-1829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Corchado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Bioinformatics, Intelligent Systems and Educational Technology (BISITE) Research Group, 37007 Salamanca, 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